Over the Counter ED Treatment Alternatives to Viagra
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fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/all-natural-alternatives-erectile-dysfunction-risky-propositionAnderson C, et al. (2013). Case study: Two fatal case reports of acute yohimbine intoxication.
academic.oup.com/jat/article/37/8/611/776068Canguven O, et al. (2021). Vitamin D and male erectile function: An updated review.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7752519/Cavallini G, et al. (2005). Acetyl-l-carnitine plus propionyl-l-carnitine improve efficacy of sildenafil in treatment of erectile dysfunction after bilateral nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy.
goldjournal.net/article/S0090-4295(05)00651-5/fulltextChoi YD, et al. (2012). Effects of Korean ginseng berry extract on sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction: A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study.
nature.com/articles/ijir201245Dietary and herbal supplements. (2020).
nccih.nih.gov/health/dietary-and-herbal-supplementsEl-Hamd MA, et al. (2020). Comparison of the clinical efficacy of daily use of L-arginine, tadalafil and combined L-arginine with tadalafil in the treatment of elderly patients with erectile dysfunction.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/and.13640El-Sakka AI. (2018). Dehydroepiandrosterone and erectile function: A review.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6119841/El-Wakeel LM, et al. (2019). Efficacy and tolerability of sildenafil/L-arginine combination relative to sildenafil alone in patients with organic erectile dysfunction.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/andr.12671Erectile dysfunction (ED). (2017).
niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/all-contentFeldman HA, et al. (1994). Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study.
auajournals.org/doi/10.1016/S0022-5347%2817%2934871-1Gur S, et al. (2013). Update on drug interactions with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors prescribed as first-line therapy for patients with erectile dysfunction or pulmonary hypertension.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23140258Jang D-J, et al. (2008). Red ginseng for treating erectile dysfunction: A systematic review.
bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03236.xKarakus S, et al. (2017). cAMP-dependent post-translational modification of neuronal nitric oxide synthase neuroprotects penile erection in rats.
bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bju.13981Koolwaal A, et al. (2019). L-arginine and erectile dysfunction.
journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2631831818822018Kotta S, et al. (2013). Exploring scientifically proven herbal aphrodisiacs.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3731873Lebret T, et al. (2002). Efficacy and safety of a novel combination of L-arginine glutamate and yohimbine hydrochloride: A new oral therapy for erectile dysfunction.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0302283802001756?via%3DihubLee HS, et al. (2016). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng on penile erection.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845315001074?via%3DihubLoBue SA, et al. (2020). Recurrent herpes zoster ophthalmicus preceded by anabolic steroids and high-dose L-arginine.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7785356/ Manfredi C, et al. (2021). Penile implant surgery satisfaction assessment.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33903044/Mostafa T, et al. (2018). Serum L-carnitine and vitamin D levels may be low among oral sildenafil citrate non-responders.
nature.com/articles/s41443-018-0036-4Mykoniatis I, et al. (2021). Assessment of combination therapies vs monotherapy for erectile dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2776549Najafabadi BT, et al. (2021). Vitamin E and ginseng combined supplement for treatment of male erectile dysfunction: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221295881930597X?via%3DihubPenile injection therapy. (2021).
mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/penile-injection-therapyPenile injection therapy. (n.d.).
medicine.yale.edu/urology/programs/male_urology/male-sexual-medicine/injection/Sierra CM, et al. (2018). Use of arginine hydrochloride in the treatment of metabolic alkalosis or hypochloremia in pediatric patients.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5916438United Kingdom: Viagra made available as over-the-counter medication. (2017).
loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2017-12-12/united-kingdom-viagra-made-available-as-over-the-counter-medication/Walther A, et al. (2020). Testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone treatment in ageing men: Are we all set?
wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.190006What is erectile dysfunction? (2018).
urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/erectile-dysfunction(ed)Won Lee H, et al. (2021). Ginseng for erectile dysfunction: A Cochrane systemic review.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34169686/Xiong L, et al. (2017). Inhibitory effect of triterpenoids from Panax ginsengon coagulation factor X.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6154706/Ying A, et al. (2018). Structural–activity relationship of ginsenosides from steamed ginseng in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0192415X18500088Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Current Version Oct 17, 2022 Medically Reviewed By Jennie Olopaade, PharmD, RPh Oct 5, 2022 Medically Reviewed By Jennie Olopaade, PharmD, RPh VIEW ALL HISTORY Share this articleMedically reviewed by Jennie Olopaade, PharmD, RPH — By Daniel Yetman and The Healthline Editorial Team — Updated on October 16, 2022
Over-the-Counter ED Alternatives to Viagra Do They Work
Medically reviewed by Jennie Olopaade, PharmD, RPH — By Daniel Yetman and The Healthline Editorial Team — Updated on October 16, 2022Share on PinterestMaskot/Getty ImagesErectile dysfunction (ED) affects millions of people around the world. In the United States, about 30 million men have ED. Men over 75 years old are more likely to have it, but even men in their 20s can experience it. Symptoms of ED include:the inability to get an erectionthe inability to sustain an erectionreduced sexual desire ED is most often treated with lifestyle changes and medications. In 1998, Viagra became the first medication to be Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved to treat ED. Viagra works by helping the blood vessels in your penis relax to allow more blood flow. Since then, other types of medications have also been FDA approved to treat ED, but they’re all only available by prescription. Many over-the-counter (OTC) treatments, including herbal supplements, claim to be able to treat ED, but none of these options are approved by the FDA. Medical professionals often dissuade people from using these products because they’re not regulated for safety and proper labeling. Some of these products include:dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)L-arginineginsengyohimbepropionyl-L-carnitine Before deciding to try an OTC treatment, speak with a doctor. This is especially important if you:have any health conditions or concernsare undergoing treatment for a health issueare taking medications or other supplementsCan you buy Viagra over the counter
Viagra is only available with a prescription in the United States, Canada, and most other countries. Viagra is sold under the generic name sildenafil, which is also only available with a prescription. Many medical clinics now offer remote health services where you can request a prescription online without visiting a doctor in person. Many online companies claim to sell Viagra without a prescription, but this is illegal. Many of these sites sell counterfeits. In 2017, the United Kingdom made Viagra available OTC to make it more available for people with ED who may be reluctant to visit their doctor. Learn more about how to get Viagra.5 over-the-counter alternatives to Viagra and whether they work
The following five supplements are available OTC and may be able to improve ED.Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA
The steroid hormone DHEA is found naturally in some soy products and yams. According to a landmark Massachusetts Male Aging Study from 1994, low levels of DHEA are associated with a higher risk of ED. A 2018 review found that DHEA declines with age. It noted that this correlates with the decline of various physiological functions, including erectile function. However, the review concludes that it’s unclear whether supplementing with DHEA could help prevent or treat age-related disorders. Similarly, a 2020 review found conflicting research on whether DHEA was helpful for sexual function. More research is needed to determine whether it’s a safe and effective choice for ED. If you do decide to try DHEA, be wary of products that claim that they contain “natural” DHEA. The human body can’t naturally produce DHEA by consuming sources that contain it. Any claim that a product can provide the body with “natural” DHEA is false. Learn more about DHEA supplements.Pros of DHEA supplements
DHEA declines with age, and supplements may help increase your DHEA.Some research suggests that DHA may improve symptoms of ED.Cons of DHEA supplements
Other research concludes that DHEA isn’t effective for ED.Since DHEA affects hormones, it could cause an array of side effects.DHEA has the potential to interact with some medications.L-arginine
L-arginine, an amino acid, may help treat ED by improving blood flow to the penis. However, it can cause mild cramping and nausea. Your body converts L-arginine into a molecule called nitric oxide. Nitric oxide acts as a neurotransmitter and causes the blood vessels in your penis to relax, making it easier to get an erection. Experts still don’t know how effective L-arginine supplementation is for ED. However, limited research seems to suggest it plays a role in combination with other ED drugs, such as:Cialis: A small, 120-person study from 2020 found that pairing tadalafil (Cialis) and L-arginine could significantly increase sexual health and testosterone levels in men over age 60, compared with either substance alone. Cialis is only available by prescription in the United States. Viagra: Additionally, a study from 2019 found that combining L-arginine and sildenafil (Viagra) worked better for treating ED than sildenafil alone. Yohimbine: An older study from 2002 also found that L-arginine combined with yohimbine worked well for treating ED. However, it was a very small study with only 45 participants. French maritime pine bark extract: A 2019 review published in the Journal of Psychosexual Health found that L-arginine paired with pine bark extract was more effective than L-arginine alone. L-arginine has also been used successfully as part of hormone level testing and to treat metabolic alkalosis in children. More research and larger studies need to be done before the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves it as an ED treatment. According to the review published in the Journal of Psychosexual Health, current studies are few in number and have very small sample sizes.Pros of L-arginine supplements
Since L-arginine may be able to improve blood flow, it could help cases of ED that have a physical cause.Cons of L-arginine supplements
It can cause side effects like cramping, bloating, nausea, and diarrhea.It may interact with certain medications.Research on L-arginine for ED is limited.Ginseng
Alternative medicine advocates have long celebrated ginseng as a powerful aphrodisiac, meaning it’s thought to boost desire and sex drive. Of particular interest is Korean red ginseng, which is also known as Chinese ginseng or Panax ginseng. Some research suggests that it may help treat ED symptoms, but more research is needed to draw definitive conclusions.Animal research
In an animal study performed on rabbits and rats, a type of ginseng known as tissue-cultured mountain ginseng 100 was found to help relax penile smooth muscle, which leads to better erectile function. Blood testosterone levels also increased.Human research
A 2012 study placed 119 men with mild to moderate ED — and no serious coexisting conditions like endocrine system disease — into two groups. One group received a placebo. The other group received four ginseng pills a day, with each pill containing 350 milligrams (mg) of Korean ginseng berry extract. Researchers found that taking the Korean ginseng berry extract pills for 4 to 8 weeks led to improvements in: erectile functionintercourse satisfactionorgasmic functionsexual desireoverall satisfaction However, the men who took the placebo also saw their symptoms improve at similar rates. Another study from 2021 involving 52 people found that a combination of ginseng and vitamin E may help improve ED, especially when compared with a placebo. There were no safety issues or negative effects noted after 6 weeks. However, a 2021 review of nine studies comparing ginseng to a placebo concluded ginseng has a minimal effect on ED, though it may improve men’s self-reported ability to have intercourse. Overall, there may be a role for ginseng in helping treat ED, but more research is needed to narrow down appropriate doses and potential side effects.Pros of ginseng supplements
Some research suggests ginseng may improve symptoms of ED.Some research also notes that it may improve self-reported ability to have sex.Cons of ginseng supplements
Ginseng can interfere with blood clotting. You should not take it if you take blood thinners like warfarin.It may cause mild side effects, like trouble sleeping.Yohimbe
Yohimbe is another supplement that helps treat ED by stimulating penile blood flow. It promotes the production of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that’s vital to achieving erections. Research from 2013 shows that it can improve orgasmic function and ejaculation in men as well. Yohimbe is also known by the name of its most active ingredient, yohimbine. Yohimbe has been linked with a number of side effects, including:high blood pressureincreased heart ratedizzinessnauseainsomniaanxiety At very high doses, it can also be fatal. As a result, some medical experts are hesitant to recommend it. Proceed with caution and speak with your doctor before trying yohimbe.Pros of yohimbe supplements
Some research suggests it may be effective for symptoms of ED.Cons of yohimbe supplements
Side effects of yohimbe can be serious. It may even be fatal at very high doses.Propionyl-L-carnitine
Propionyl-L-carnitine is a chemical that naturally occurs in the body and acts as an antioxidant. It’s related to the amino acid derivative L-carnitine. Propionyl-L-carnitine is often used to address blood flow and other issues related to the circulatory system, making it a potential ED remedy. Older research has shown that propionyl-L-carnitine and L-carnitine also enhance the effects of sildenafil (Viagra). However, research is still very limited.Pros of propionyl-L-carnitine supplements
Limited research suggests it may improve symptoms of ED when taken with ED medications.Cons of propionyl-L-carnitine supplements
Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, and pain in the stomach and chest.It can cause a “fishy” odor in sweat, breath, and urine.FDA warnings and risks
OTC medications for ED have often sparked controversy in the medical community. The FDA has warned about the potential risks of ED products available online. Risks include undisclosed ingredients and harmful side effects.Hidden ingredients
Some OTC treatments for ED may be effective, but they may not be safe. Dietary supplements are not regulated by the FDA in the same manner as traditional OTC or prescription medications. This means that there is no evidence or very little evidence to support the manufacturer’s claim. While these supplements may help some people, overall their effectiveness and safety are generally untested. Some dietary supplements sold online contain ingredients not listed on the label, and these ingredients could be dangerous for some people who take them. The amount present of each of these active ingredients may not be consistent either.Potentially harmful side effects
The unlisted ingredients may also cause harmful side effects in certain users. Some herbs effective in treating ED in animals may not have been tested on humans, resulting in unexpected side effects. In addition, OTC treatments can interact with other medications taken for ED, making the supplements unsafe. Ingredients in these OTC treatments can also cause unsafe interactions with medications taken for other conditions. Importantly, taking an OTC drug that contains sildenafil at the same time as a drug that contains nitrates, such as one for diabetes or heart disease, can cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure. Traditional ED treatments such as sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra, Staxyn), and tadalafil (Cialis) are often also used to treat pulmonary hypertension. A 2013 study shows that combining ED treatments containing these medications with nitrates or alpha-blockers can cause problems.Prescription Viagra and other ED medications
Four types of oral medications are FDA approved to treat ED. These are backed by more data than OTC supplements. They are: sildenafil (Viagra)tadalafil (Cialis)vardenafil (Levitra, Staxyn)avanafil (Stendra) These drugs are all classified as phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors and work by increasing blood flow to your penis. If one isn’t effective for you, a doctor may recommend trying a different one to see if you have better results. There is some variation in the amount of time it takes for them to act and how long they last.MedicationTime to take effectDurationsildenafil30 minutesabout 4 hourstadalafil30 minutesup to 36 hoursvardenafil60 minutes4–5 hoursavanafil15 minutes6 hours Learn more about the similarities and differences between these medications here.Where to get prescription ED medication
If you’re interested in prescription medication for ED, see your doctor or go to a reputable online source, like Hims or Roman.Other types of ED treatment
Other treatments for ED include:Injectable or suppository drugs
Penile injectable medications are a second-line treatment for ED, meaning a doctor may prescribe them if oral medications aren’t working or you can’t tolerate them well. These injectable medications work by relaxing the blood vessels in your penis. The main types of medications used are:TrimixBimixpapaverine Most people start with Trimix, which is a mixture of the three medications:alprostadilphentolaminepapaverine The Yale School of Medicine reports satisfaction in 70% of men treated at their practice who take injectable medications for ED. The medication alprostadil is also available as a suppository that goes into the tip of your penis.Lifestyle changes
Improving lifestyle habits may help improve symptoms of ED by improving your circulation and improving psychological factors that may be contributing. These habits include:reducing stresseating a balanced dietexercising regularlyimproving sleepmaintaining a moderate weightreducing alcohol intakequitting smokingPenis pumps
Penis pumps are cylinders that can be placed around your penis to pump blood until you achieve an erection. They’re most often recommended when medications don’t work. Most people find they’re effective at producing an erection.Penile implants
A penile implant is an inflatable rod that’s inserted into your penis. It comes with a pump hidden in your scrotum. When you press the pump, the implant fills with saline to give you an erection. Implants are generally reserved for cases of ED that don’t respond to medications. Most people who receive them are satisfied with their results, with several studies reporting a more than 90% satisfaction rate.Surgery
A type of surgery called microsurgical penile revascularization can help restore blood flow to the blood vessels of the penis by bypassing blocked arteries. This surgery has the potential to be effective, but it’s usually only performed for men with traumatic injury to the pelvis.ED prevention tips
When it comes to erectile dysfunction, despite the wide research into treatment options, what causes it is still relatively unknown. While there isn’t a conclusive way to prevent ED, there are a few lifestyle changes that you can make to minimize your risk.Managing life stressors
The causes of ED aren’t always physical and can sometimes tie back to stressors in your life. Relationship issues, starting or losing a job, or even moving to a new home can all contribute to experiencing ED symptoms. Whenever possible, try to take the time to manage your stress or remove stressors in your daily life to help reduce the risk of developing ED.Consider your nutritional diet
A diet that is low in antioxidants, amino acids like L-arginine and L-carnitine, or lacking crucial vitamins like vitamin D, can contribute to ED symptoms. Consider adding foods high in antioxidants and amino acids to your diet and talk with your doctor about possible vitamin supplements that could be added to your nutritional routine.Talk with your sexual partner
While it may seem like an uncomfortable suggestion, open lines of communication with your sexual partner can be very important. Worrying about becoming erect or disappointing your partner during sex can easily distract you from anticipating, becoming aroused for, and ultimately enjoying sex, which could even further contribute to losing an erection. If you lose an erection during sex or can’t become erect, consider talking with your partner about trying again later, discuss other sexual activities you can enjoy together, or share the fantasies or desires that arouse you both to better your chances of becoming and staying erect.When to talk with a doctor
It is not uncommon to sometimes have difficulty keeping an erection for the duration of a sexual encounter or achieving a full erection when aroused. Especially as a person ages, it can become more common as well. However, if these instances occur several times in a week and over a period of 4 or more weeks, it may be worth talking with your doctor to see if erectile dysfunction may be the cause. Your doctor will be able to discuss your possible treatment option and give their advice on the effectiveness of natural or over-the-counter treatments. In general, it’s important to talk with your doctor before adding new supplements to your diet, even if they are sold over the counter. Some of these supplements can interact poorly with other medications you may be taking and could potentially create other health issues down the road.Frequently asked questions about over-the-counter ED treatments
What causes ED
There are many causes of ED, including mental, emotional, and physical. Emotional and mental causes may include:stressanxietydepressionrelationship issues Physical causes include:diabeteshigh blood pressureobesitykidney diseasedrug and alcohol useprescription medications There may be a single cause of ED or several causes, so it’s important to see your doctor for a diagnosis.How do you know whether ED is physical or mental
If you’re experiencing erections while you sleep, it’s an indication of normal physiological erectile function. If that’s the case, your ED could have an emotional or mental cause rather than physical. If you’re not sure whether you’re experiencing erections at night, consider an erection self-test. It can help you determine whether your ED is physical or mental.Is it safe to combine multiple ED treatments
Combination therapy for ED is possible in certain instances, but it does not apply to every treatment. In some cases, combining treatments can be unsafe or even dangerous. Before combining ED treatments, speak with your doctor.Can you get Viagra without a prescription
You can’t legally get Viagra in the United States and most other countries without a prescription. The United Kingdom is one notable exception. If you don’t want to visit a doctor in person, you can get a prescription remotely using a telehealth service from your home.How can I get ED treatment without a prescription
You can buy OTC supplements that may help treat ED from most places that sell supplements. However, the safety and effectiveness of these products aren’t regulated by the FDA. Making lifestyle changes, such as eating a nutrient-dense diet and getting regular exercise may help improve ED without medication. However, popular FDA-approved medications like Viagra (sildenafil) and Cialis (tadalafil) require a prescription.Takeaway
Talk with your doctor before trying an OTC treatment for ED. Always check to be sure that an herbal or a dietary supplement has been approved or at least tested by a trusted agency, such as the FDA or the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Some untested treatment options may temporarily resolve your issues, but it’s not worth potential health risks. Proper research or medical consultation are key to finding a successful ED treatment. Last medically reviewed on October 16, 2022How we vetted this article
SourcesHistoryHealthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.'All natural' alternatives for erectile dysfunction: A risky proposition. (2015).fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/all-natural-alternatives-erectile-dysfunction-risky-propositionAnderson C, et al. (2013). Case study: Two fatal case reports of acute yohimbine intoxication.
academic.oup.com/jat/article/37/8/611/776068Canguven O, et al. (2021). Vitamin D and male erectile function: An updated review.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7752519/Cavallini G, et al. (2005). Acetyl-l-carnitine plus propionyl-l-carnitine improve efficacy of sildenafil in treatment of erectile dysfunction after bilateral nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy.
goldjournal.net/article/S0090-4295(05)00651-5/fulltextChoi YD, et al. (2012). Effects of Korean ginseng berry extract on sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction: A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study.
nature.com/articles/ijir201245Dietary and herbal supplements. (2020).
nccih.nih.gov/health/dietary-and-herbal-supplementsEl-Hamd MA, et al. (2020). Comparison of the clinical efficacy of daily use of L-arginine, tadalafil and combined L-arginine with tadalafil in the treatment of elderly patients with erectile dysfunction.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/and.13640El-Sakka AI. (2018). Dehydroepiandrosterone and erectile function: A review.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6119841/El-Wakeel LM, et al. (2019). Efficacy and tolerability of sildenafil/L-arginine combination relative to sildenafil alone in patients with organic erectile dysfunction.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/andr.12671Erectile dysfunction (ED). (2017).
niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/all-contentFeldman HA, et al. (1994). Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study.
auajournals.org/doi/10.1016/S0022-5347%2817%2934871-1Gur S, et al. (2013). Update on drug interactions with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors prescribed as first-line therapy for patients with erectile dysfunction or pulmonary hypertension.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23140258Jang D-J, et al. (2008). Red ginseng for treating erectile dysfunction: A systematic review.
bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03236.xKarakus S, et al. (2017). cAMP-dependent post-translational modification of neuronal nitric oxide synthase neuroprotects penile erection in rats.
bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bju.13981Koolwaal A, et al. (2019). L-arginine and erectile dysfunction.
journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2631831818822018Kotta S, et al. (2013). Exploring scientifically proven herbal aphrodisiacs.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3731873Lebret T, et al. (2002). Efficacy and safety of a novel combination of L-arginine glutamate and yohimbine hydrochloride: A new oral therapy for erectile dysfunction.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0302283802001756?via%3DihubLee HS, et al. (2016). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng on penile erection.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845315001074?via%3DihubLoBue SA, et al. (2020). Recurrent herpes zoster ophthalmicus preceded by anabolic steroids and high-dose L-arginine.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7785356/ Manfredi C, et al. (2021). Penile implant surgery satisfaction assessment.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33903044/Mostafa T, et al. (2018). Serum L-carnitine and vitamin D levels may be low among oral sildenafil citrate non-responders.
nature.com/articles/s41443-018-0036-4Mykoniatis I, et al. (2021). Assessment of combination therapies vs monotherapy for erectile dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2776549Najafabadi BT, et al. (2021). Vitamin E and ginseng combined supplement for treatment of male erectile dysfunction: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221295881930597X?via%3DihubPenile injection therapy. (2021).
mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/penile-injection-therapyPenile injection therapy. (n.d.).
medicine.yale.edu/urology/programs/male_urology/male-sexual-medicine/injection/Sierra CM, et al. (2018). Use of arginine hydrochloride in the treatment of metabolic alkalosis or hypochloremia in pediatric patients.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5916438United Kingdom: Viagra made available as over-the-counter medication. (2017).
loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2017-12-12/united-kingdom-viagra-made-available-as-over-the-counter-medication/Walther A, et al. (2020). Testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone treatment in ageing men: Are we all set?
wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.190006What is erectile dysfunction? (2018).
urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/erectile-dysfunction(ed)Won Lee H, et al. (2021). Ginseng for erectile dysfunction: A Cochrane systemic review.
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worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0192415X18500088Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Current Version Oct 17, 2022 Medically Reviewed By Jennie Olopaade, PharmD, RPh Oct 5, 2022 Medically Reviewed By Jennie Olopaade, PharmD, RPh VIEW ALL HISTORY Share this articleMedically reviewed by Jennie Olopaade, PharmD, RPH — By Daniel Yetman and The Healthline Editorial Team — Updated on October 16, 2022