Methods of smoking cessation - PubMed This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Clipboard, History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Skip to main page content An official website of the United States government Here's how you know The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. Log in Show account info Close Account Logged in as: username Dashboard Publications Account settings Log out Access keys NCBI MyNCBI Main Content Main Navigation : Advanced Clipboard User Guide Save Email Send to Clipboard My BibliographyCollectionsCitation manager Display options Display options Format Save citation to file Format: Create file Cancel Email citation Subject: 1 selected item: 1548971 - PubMed To: Format: MeSH and other data Send email Cancel Add to Collections Create a new collection Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again Add Cancel Add to My Bibliography My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error Please try again Add Cancel Your saved search Name of saved search: terms: Test search terms Would you like email updates of new search results? Email: (change) Frequency: Which day? Which day? Report format: Send at most: Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy Full text links Elsevier Science Full text links Actions Cite Favorites Display options Display options Format Share Permalink Copy Review Med Clin North Am Actions in PubMed in NLM Catalog Add to . 1992 Mar;76(2):451-76. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30362-5. Methods of smoking cessation J L Schwartz 1 Affiliations Expand Affiliation 1 University of California, Davis. PMID: 1548971 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30362-5 Item in Clipboard Review Methods of smoking cessation J L Schwartz. Med Clin North Am. 1992 Mar. Show details Display options Display options Format Med Clin North Am Actions in PubMed in NLM Catalog Add to . 1992 Mar;76(2):451-76. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30362-5. Author J L Schwartz 1 Affiliation 1 University of California, Davis. PMID: 1548971 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30362-5 Item in Clipboard Full text links CiteDisplay options Display options Format Abstract Smoking-cessation treatment consists of three phases: preparation, intervention, and maintenance. Preparation aims to increase the smoker's motivation to quit and to build confidence that he or she can be successful. Intervention can take any number of forms (or a combination of them) to help smokers to achieve abstinence. Maintenance, including support, coping strategies, and substitute behaviors, is necessary for permanent abstinence. Although most smokers who successfully quit do so on their own, many use cessation programs at some point during their smoking history. Moreover, many people act on the advice of a health professional in deciding to quit. Some are also aided by a smoking-cessation kit from a public or voluntary agency, a book, a tape, or an over-the-counter product. Still others receive help from mass-media campaigns, such as the Great American Smokeout, or community programs. Counseling, voluntary and commercial clinics, nicotine replacement strategies, hypnosis, acupuncture, and behavioral programs are other methods used by smokers to break the habit. Programs that include multiple treatments are more successful than single interventions. The most cost-effective strategy for smoking cessation for most smokers is self-care, which includes quitting on one's own and might also include acting on the advice of a health profession or using an aid such as a quit-smoking guide. Heavier, more addicted smokers are more likely to seek out formal programs after several attempts to quit. Many people can quit smoking, but staying off cigarettes requires maintenance, support, and additional techniques, such as relapse prevention. Physicians, dentists, and other health professionals can provide important assistance to their patients who smoke. Quit rates can be improved if clinicians provide more help (e.g., counseling, support) than just simple advice and warnings. Clinicians also play an important role in providing nicotine replacement products such as nicotine gum or transdermal patches. These products are particularly useful for smokers who show evidence of strong physiologic addiction to nicotine. Attitudes toward smoking have shifted dramatically. In the 1950s, fewer than 50% of American adults believed that cigarette smoking caused lung cancer. In 1986, this proportion had increased to 92%. A majority of the public favors policies restricting smoking in public places and worksites. Half of all Americans who ever smoked had stopped smoking by 1988. Of those who continue to smoke, more than 70% report that they would like to quit. By increasing their knowledge about smoking-cessation methods, health professionals can support and encourage the large majority of smokers who want to quit. 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