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In September 2019, federal and state health authorities began investigating an outbreak of a severe lung disease associated with e-cigarettes and other vaping products. We’re closely monitoring the situation and will update our content as soon as more information is available. Nicotine is a substance found in all tobacco products and some e-cigarette liquids. It is a highly addictive substance found in the tobacco plant. Laboratories can also produce nicotine synthetically. People also use the substance as an insecticide in the agricultural industry. Any product containing tobacco also contains nicotine. This includes cigarettes, heated tobacco products, cigars, and most e-cigarettes. This article discusses the history and effects of nicotine, its potential impact on health, and treatment options for nicotine dependence. History of nicotine Share on PinterestPramote Polyamate/Getty ImagesNicotine comes from the Nicotiana species, which are tobacco plants and part of the nightshade family. Tobacco plants originated in South America before spreading to North America, Africa, and Australia. Native people of these areas originally used the leaves of tobacco plants to chew, smoke, or use in religious rituals. European colonists exported tobacco crops for profit and changed the focus of tobacco to recreational use. The tobacco industry has a substantial history of using racial profiling, demographics of an area, and cultural factors to target particular communities and promote tobacco use. Tobacco companies have also disproportionately marketed menthol products to Black people and low-income communities. Tobacco companies add menthol to cigarettes to make them more palatable. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), among people who smoke cigarettes, non-Hispanic Black or African American people are more likely to smoke menthol cigarettes compared to other races or ethnicities. Menthol may increase the addictive effects that nicotine has on the brain. People who smoke menthol cigarettes are more likely to continue using tobacco products, which increases the risk of them developing conditions relating to tobacco use. Effects of nicotine Nicotine creates a temporary feeling of well-being and relaxation, and increases heart rate and the amount of oxygen the heart uses. As nicotine enters the body, it causes a surge of endorphins, which are chemicals that help to relieve stress and pain and improve mood. The body quickly absorbs nicotine into the bloodstream so it can reach the brain. Nicotine levels peak quickly after entering the body, so the feelings of reward are short-lived. This can create a cycle of people continuing to smoke to keep feeling the pleasurable sensations. Nicotine also increases levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is part of the brain’s reward system and creates feelings of pleasure and reward. The release of dopamine reinforces a person’s behavior of taking nicotine. Frequent use of nicotine creates changes in the way the brain works in relation to self-control, stress, and learning. Long-term changes can lead to addiction and withdrawal symptoms when a person is not smoking. Effects on cognitive function Nicotine may also temporarily improve concentration and memory. However, long-term smoking of cigarettes may link to a decline in cognitive ability and an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, any short-term benefits on cognitive function do not outweigh the long-term risks from nicotine use. When people stop using nicotine, they may experience withdrawal symptoms affecting their attention or memory. Withdrawal from severe nicotine use may also result in sleep impairment. Side effects of nicotine Nicotine can affect various systems throughout the body and may cause:dizziness and lightheadednesssleep disturbanceschanges in blood flowheadachesincreased risk of blood clottingincreased blood pressurechanges in heart rhythm and rateshortness of breathpeptic ulcerdiarrheanauseadry mouthtremorsjoint painindigestion or heartburn Certain nicotine products may also have specific side effects. According to the American Cancer Society, side effects of nicotine patches include:skin irritationracing heartbeatdizzinesssleep problemsheadachesnauseaaching muscles or stiffness A racing heartbeat may mean the dose of nicotine is too high, and people can talk with a healthcare professional about lowering the dosage. Side effects of nicotine gum may include:bad taste in the mouthirritation of the throatmouth soreshiccupsnauseajaw discomfortracing heartbeat Other nicotine products may also cause a racing heartbeat, nervousness, and headaches. If a person thinks they are experiencing nicotine poisoning, they need to contact Poison Control or seek emergency medical help. Nicotine may interact with some other drugs or medications. Nicotine may cause benzodiazepines to be less effective. If a person is taking a contraceptive pill, nicotine may increase the risk of blood clots forming. Learn more about types of drug interactions here. Smoking Nicotine is addictive and the main psychoactive substance in tobacco, which means it alters how the brain works. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), most people who smoke use tobacco regularly due to nicotine addiction. Smoking is the most common preventable cause of death in the United States. Smoking causes damage to almost every organ in the body and increases the risk of severe health problems, including heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer. Nicotine does not cause cancer, but tobacco smoke contains at least 69 chemicals that are carcinogenic, meaning they are cancer-causing chemicals. Are e-cigarettes and vaporizers safe Electronic nicotine delivery systems, which people may refer to as e-cigarettes or vaporizers, are small, portable devices that heat a liquid into vapor. The liquid usually contains nicotine, along with solvents and flavorings. E-cigarettes containing nicotine are not suitable for pregnant people, as nicotine may cause prenatal development issues. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a report on the potential dangers of using vaping products containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a component of cannabis. The FDA also warns against using any vaping product from an unknown source or bought off the street. There have been over 1,000 reports of serious lung injuries as a result of using vaping products. There are currently a lot of unknowns about vaping, including the chemicals they may contain and the effect they have on health. If people are using e-cigarettes to help them quit smoking, other methods may be a better option. Nicotine dependence treatment According to NIDA, a 2020 survey found that around 23.6 million people aged 12 and older had nicotine dependence in the previous 30 days. Treatment for nicotine dependency may include: Nicotine replacement therapy Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) provides people with a small amount of nicotine that attaches to some of the body’s nicotine receptors to reduce nicotine cravings. NRT may include nicotine patches, sprays, lozenges, or gum. FDA-approved NRTs are the least harmful types of nicotine products. Medications Certain medications may also help treat nicotine dependence. Bupropion is a medication that affects brain chemicals and is as effective as NRT for helping people quit. Varenicline is a medication that stimulates a specific nicotine receptor but to a lesser extent than nicotine. It may be more effective than bupropion in helping people quit. Counseling and psychological support Research suggests that a combination of NRT or medications to stop smoking alongside behavioral treatment is more effective in helping people quit smoking. People may choose to speak with a mental health professional for advice or use psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Mindfulness, helplines, automated text messages, and self-help materials may also help people to quit. Summary Nicotine is the highly addictive substance found in tobacco products, and can be the reason for many people for consuming tobacco. It may cause side effects such as dizziness, racing heartbeat, and headaches. It is also a toxic substance that can cause poisoning. If people suspect they have nicotine poisoning, they will require immediate medical help. Nicotine may also cause people to use tobacco products such as cigarettes more often, which can cause severe health problems. Medications, nicotine replacement therapies, and behavioral treatment can help people to stop using products that contain nicotine. Read the article in Spanish. Last medically reviewed on July 28, 2022Alcohol / Addiction / Illegal DrugsSmoking / Quit Smoking 14 sourcescollapsedMedical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We avoid using tertiary references. We link primary sources — including studies, scientific references, and statistics — within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.Health effects of cigarette smoking. (2021).https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htmMark, J. J. (2021). A brief history of tobacco in the Americas.https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1677/a-brief-history-of-tobacco-in-the-americasMenthol smoking and related health disparities. (2022).https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/menthol/related-health-disparities.htmlMenthol tobacco products are a public health problem. (2022).https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/menthol/public-health-problem.htmlNicotine. (n.d.).https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/nicotineNicotine. (2022).https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/nicotineNicotine addiction explained. (2021).https://www.quit.org.au/articles/nicotine-addiction-explainedNicotine is why tobacco products are addictive. (2022).https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/health-effects-tobacco-use/nicotine-why-tobacco-products-are-addictiveNicotine replacement therapy to help you quit tobacco. (2021).https://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/guide-quitting-smoking/nicotine-replacement-therapy.htmlNicotine side effects. (n.d.).https://tobaccofreelife.org/why-quit-smoking/smoking-effects/nicotine-effects/Sierro, N. (2020). Background and history of tobacco genome resources [Abstract].https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-29493-9_1Structural racism & tobacco. (2022).https://www.heart.org/-/media/Files/About-Us/Policy-Research/Fact-Sheets/Tobacco-and-Clean-Air/Structural-Racism-and-Tobacco-Fact-Sheet.pdfTobacco, nicotine, and E-cigarettes research report. (2022).https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/tobacco-nicotine-e-cigarettes/introductionVaping illness update: FDA warns public to stop using tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing vaping products and any vaping products obtained off the street. (2019).https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/vaping-illness-update-fda-warns-public-stop-using-tetrahydrocannabinol-thc-containing-vapingFEEDBACK:Medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT — By Beth Sissons — Updated on July 28, 2022 Latest newsWhat sets 'SuperAgers' apart? Their unusually large neuronsOmega-3 may provide a brain boost for people in midlifeSeasonal affective disorder (SAD): How to beat it this fall and winterCDC: Monkeypox in the US 'unlikely to be eliminated in the near future'Why are more women prone to Alzheimer's? New clues arise Related CoverageNicotine withdrawal symptoms and how to copeMedically reviewed by Dena Westphalen, Pharm.D. When someone stops using nicotine abruptly, they may experience certain physical and mental symptoms as their body adjusts. Learn more here. READ MOREHow long does nicotine stay in your system?Medically reviewed by Alan Carter, PharmD After smoking a cigarette, nicotine and its by-products stay in a person’s urine and saliva for 4 days and blood for up to 10 days. In this article…READ MOREDoes nicotine cause cancer?Medically reviewed by Christina Chun, MPH Many people try nicotine replacement or vaping as an alternative to smoking cigarettes. However, people often speculate as to whether there is a link…READ MORENicotine poisoning: What are the symptoms, and can you overdose? Nicotine poisoning can cause dizziness, vomiting, and severe cases respiratory failure. 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