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Diagnosing and Treating Acute Intermittent Porphyria

Medically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH — By Jaime Herndon, MS, MPH, MFA on September 27, 2022A mutation that impacts an enzyme involved in heme biosynthesis causes porphyrias, which are inheritable metabolic disorders. There are different types of porphyrias based on the specific enzyme affected, but acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is the most common and severe type. Read on to find out more about AIP and how it affects the body, as well as its diagnosis and treatment.

What is acute intermittent porphyria

AIP is a rare metabolic disorder whose hallmark is a partial deficiency of an enzyme called hydroxymethylbilane synthase. People with AIP have high levels of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors because the disorder doesn’t allow the body to have enough enzymes to create heme, which is a part of hemoglobin. An HMBS gene mutation causes the disorder.

What is heme

Heme is a necessary molecule for living things. It is the precursor to hemoglobin, which is essential to attach to oxygen in the bloodstream. It helps with gas exchange, sending signals in the body, energy production, and more.

What are the symptoms of acute intermittent porphyria

AIP manifests as attacks or episodes, which can include abdominal pain, gastrointestinal problems, and nerve problems like neuropathy. Sometimes other symptoms can include:depressioninsomniaanxietychanges in consciousnessparanoiahigh blood pressurefast heart rateseizures Certain symptoms, especially occurring concurrently, can raise suspicion for possible AIP. One of those symptoms is unexplained abdominal pain, especially with psychological symptoms, muscle weakness, or low sodium levels. The other symptom is reddish or dark urine, which can occur with other symptoms.

How do you diagnose acute intermittent porphyria

Diagnosis of AIP can be tricky because the symptoms occur periodically and can sometimes be nonspecific. Doctors usually diagnose AIP by looking for characteristic symptoms during an attack or through a medical history and performing a clinical exam and some lab tests. Clinical testing can include screening tests to measure levels of porphobilinogen (PBG), which is a porphyrin precursor in the urine. High levels of PBG link to AIP attacks. Doctors can also perform genetic testing to find an HMBS gene mutation, which may prompt various family members to receive testing.

Is this more common in women

Doctors diagnose AIP 1.5 to 2 times more often in women than men. Experts think that hormones associated with the menstrual cycle cause this. If symptoms are characteristic of AIP, a medical professional may consider this condition.

How long does acute intermittent porphyria last

Outside factors, like medications, alcohol, hormonal changes, or insufficient calorie intake, typically trigger episodes of AIP when symptoms occur. The attacks usually last about a week, with symptoms usually presenting as:severe abdominal pain with constipation and vomitingpsychiatric symptoms, such as depressionperipheral neuropathies, including weakness in lower extremities that moves upcentral nervous system impairment, such as delirium, weakness progressing to quadriplegia, cortical blindness, coma In between attacks, many people report being symptom-free, but 20% to 64% may have chronic, severe symptoms like pain, nausea, fatigue, and neuropathy. With treatments, you can manage the condition. But if the AIP does not respond to heme therapy and keeps recurring, the only cure currently available is an orthotopic liver transplant.

Can medications cause porphyria

Some medications can be triggers for AIP if someone has a genetic mutation for it. Triggers can be different for each person, and susceptibility to triggers can change over your lifetime. Medications that encourage heme production in the liver may be triggers, and it’s important to avoid certain medications. Medications to avoid may include:ketaminethiopentalerythromycinnitrofurantoinspironolactonevalproic acidcarbamazepinerisperidone Talk with your doctor about what medications to avoid if you have a diagnosis of AIP or suspect that you might have it.

How do you treat acute intermittent porphyria

Treatment for AIP depends on the symptoms. While people can vary in attack severity, without proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment, symptoms can progress to life threatening complications. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms, avoid complications, and stop heme production in the liver. Different specialists may form the treatment team, collaborating to address all the symptoms. Those specialists can include pediatricians, neurologists, hematologists, and psychiatrists. Some treatment options might include:stopping any drugs that can cause AIP attacksgetting enough calories and nutrients, including glucose and salt, even via intravenous (IV)increasing carbohydrate intaketaking pain relievers to help with mild attacks

What medications can help with pain from acute intermittent porphyria

Parenteral opiates can help with pain, and anti-emetics can help with nausea. You can manage tachycardia and hypertension with beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers, and you can manage seizures with diazepam or clonazepam. IV heme therapy is also necessary, especially in severe acute attacks. A doctor can give it to you for 4 days. The therapy can help regulate the ALAS1 protein to improve symptoms. One drug that’s part of this therapy is hemin (Panhematin).

Is there a cure for acute intermittent porphyria

The only cure currently available for AIP is an orthotopic liver transplant. This involves removing the diseased liver and replacing it with a healthy liver or part of one from a donor. An orthotopic liver transplant has a survival rate of about 75% after 5 years, and it’s even higher in the immediate aftermath. But it carries a high risk of hepatic artery thrombosis, or a blood clot. Doctors often use the procedure to treat people with severe recurrent attacks that significantly impact their quality of life.

Takeaway

AIP is an inheritable condition associated with enzymes affecting the heme biosynthesis pathway. It causes attacks with symptoms that can affect various systems of the body, and without accurate diagnosis and treatment, it can cause severe, even life threatening complications. But you can manage the condition, especially if you receive an early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Treatment usually focuses on relieving specific symptoms, as well as IV heme therapy. While there is currently no cure, a liver transplant may be possible. Last medically reviewed on September 27, 2022

How we vetted this article

SourcesHistoryHealthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.Acute intermittent porphyria. (2019).
rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/acute-intermittent-porphyria/Gonzalez-Mosquera LF, et al. (2022). Stat pearls: Acute intermittent porphyria.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547665/Kim WR, et al. (2018). OPTN/SRTR 2016 Annual Data Report: Liver.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ajt.14559Sawicki KT, et al. (2015). Role of heme in cardiovascular physiology and disease.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330050/Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Current Version Sep 27, 2022 By Jaime R. Herndon, MS, MPH, MFA Edited By Mike Hoskins Medically Reviewed By Alana Biggers, MD, MPH Copy Edited By Sofia Santamarina Share this articleMedically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH — By Jaime Herndon, MS, MPH, MFA on September 27, 2022

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