糖尿病 - 症状与病因 - 妙佑医疗国际
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What is type 1 diabetes A Mayo Clinic expert explains
Learn more about type 1 diabetes from endocrinologist Yogish Kudva, M.B.B.S. 请参见副本 供视频使用 What is type 1 diabetes A Mayo Clinic expert explains I'm Dr. Yogish C. Kudva an endocrinologist at Mayo Clinic. In this video, we'll cover the basics of type 1 diabetes. What is it? Who gets it? The symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Whether you're looking for answers for yourself or someone you love. We are here to give you the best information available. Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the insulin making cells of the pancreas. It's estimated that about 1.25 million Americans live with it. People with type 1 diabetes don't make enough insulin. An important hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin allows your cells to store sugar or glucose and fat and produce energy. Unfortunately, there is no known cure. But treatment can prevent complications and also improve everyday life for patients with type 1 diabetes. Lots of people with type 1 diabetes live a full life. And the more we learn and develop treatment for the disorder, the better the outcome. We don't know what exactly causes type 1 diabetes. We believe that it is an auto-immune disorder where the body mistakenly destroys insulin producing cells in the pancreas. Typically, the pancreas secretes insulin into the bloodstream. The insulin circulates, letting sugar enter your cells. This sugar or glucose, is the main source of energy for cells in the brain, muscle cells, and other tissues. However, once most insulin producing cells are destroyed, the pancreas can't produce enough insulin, meaning the glucose can't enter the cells, resulting in an excess of blood sugar floating in the bloodstream. This can cause life-threatening complications. And this condition is called diabetic ketoacidosis. Although we don't know what causes it, we do know certain factors can contribute to the onset of type 1 diabetes. Family history. Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly increased risk of developing it. Genetics. The presence of certain genes can also indicate an increased risk. Geography. Type 1 diabetes becomes more common as you travel away from the equator. Age, although it can occur at any age there are two noticeable peaks. The first occurs in children between four and seven years of age and the second is between 10 and 14 years old. Signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes can appear rather suddenly, especially in children. They may include increased thirst, frequent urination, bed wetting in children who previously didn't wet the bed. Extreme hunger, unintended weight loss, fatigue and weakness, blurred vision, irritability, and other mood changes. If you or your child are experiencing any of these symptoms, you should talk to your doctor. The best way to determine if you have type 1 diabetes is a blood test. There are different methods such as an A1C test, a random blood sugar test, or a fasting blood sugar test. They are all effective and your doctor can help determine what's appropriate for you. If you are diagnosed with diabetes, your doctor may order additional tests to check for antibodies that are common in type 1 diabetes in the test called C-peptide, which measures the amount of insulin produced when checked simultaneously with a fasting glucose. These tests can help distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes when a diagnosis is uncertain. If you have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, you may be wondering what treatment looks like. It could mean taking insulin, counting carbohydrates, fat protein, and monitoring your glucose frequently, eating healthy foods, and exercising regularly to maintain a healthy weight. Generally, those with type 1 diabetes will need lifelong insulin therapy. There are many different types of insulin and more are being developed that are more efficient. And what you may take may change. Again, your doctor will help you navigate what's right for you. A significant advance in treatment from the last several years has been the development and availability of continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pumps that automatically adjust insulin working with the continuous glucose monitor. This type of treatment is the best treatment at this time for type 1 diabetes. This is an exciting time for patients and for physicians that are keen to develop, prescribe such therapies. Surgery is another option. A successful pancreas transplant can erase the need for additional insulin. However, transplants aren't always available, not successful and the procedure can pose serious risks. Sometimes it may outweigh the dangers of diabetes itself. So transplants are often reserved for those with very difficult to manage conditions. A successful transplant can bring life transforming results. However, surgery is always a serious endeavor and requires ample research and concentration from you, your family, and your medical team. The fact that we don't know what causes type 1 diabetes can be alarming. The fact that we don't have a cure for it even more so. But with the right doctor, medical team and treatment, type 1 diabetes can be managed. So those who live with it can get on living. If you would like to learn even more about type 1 diabetes, watch our other related videos or visit mayoclinic.org. We wish you well. 糖尿病是指影响身体如何使用血糖（葡萄糖）的一组疾病。葡萄糖对人体健康至关重要，因为它是构成肌肉和组织的细胞的重要能量来源。它也是大脑的主要能量来源。 不同类型的糖尿病有不同的基础病因。但是，无论是哪种类型的糖尿病，都可能引起血糖水平过高。血液中糖分过多可能导致严重的健康问题。 慢性糖尿病包括 1 型糖尿病和 2 型糖尿病。有可能得到逆转的糖尿病包括糖尿病前期和妊娠期糖尿病。当血糖水平已高于正常值、但还未达到糖尿病的诊断标准时，即为糖尿病前期。除非采取相应措施防止其恶化，否则糖尿病前期往往会发展成糖尿病。妊娠期糖尿病发生于妊娠期间，但可能在婴儿出生后消退。 产品与服务
书籍：《妙佑医疗国际糖尿病饮食》书籍：《糖尿病精要》显示妙佑医疗国际的更多产品 症状
糖尿病的症状因血糖升高程度而异。有些人有时可能不会出现症状，尤其是糖尿病前期或 2 型糖尿病患者。1 型糖尿病的症状往往来得很快，也更为严重。 1 型糖尿病或 2 型糖尿病的一些体征和症状包括： 经常口渴 尿频 极度饥饿 不明原因的体重减轻 尿液含酮（酮是肌肉和脂肪分解的副产物，会在胰岛素不足时产生） 疲劳 易怒 视力模糊 溃疡面愈合缓慢 频繁感染，如牙龈或皮肤感染和阴道感染 虽然 1 型糖尿病通常出现在童年或青春期，但是任何年龄都可能患上此病。2 型糖尿病更为常见，虽然更多见于 40 岁以上的人，但是任何年龄都可能患上此病。 何时就诊
如果您怀疑您自己或您子女患有糖尿病。如果您注意到任何可能的糖尿病症状，请联系医生。越早确诊，就能越早开始治疗。 如果您已被诊断为糖尿病。收到诊断结果后，您需要接受密切的医疗随访，直至血糖水平稳定下来。 更多信息
在 Mayo Clinic 治疗糖尿病症状黎明现象：您要怎么做？ 申请 Mayo Clinic 预约 病因
为了了解糖尿病，您首先必须了解葡萄糖在体内的正常代谢过程。 胰岛素的作用机制
胰岛素是由胃后下方的一个腺体（胰腺）分泌的激素。 胰腺分泌胰岛素并使之进入到血流中。 胰岛素会循环流动，促使葡萄糖进入细胞。 胰岛素会降低血流中的葡萄糖含量。 随着血糖含量下降，胰腺分泌的胰岛素也会减少。 葡萄糖的作用
葡萄糖是一种糖类，可以为肌肉和其他组织细胞提供能量。 葡萄糖有两个主要来源：食物和人体肝脏。 糖被吸收进血液中，在胰岛素的帮助下进入细胞。 肝脏可以储存与合成葡萄糖。 如因长时间未进食等原因造成血糖水平低，肝脏会将储存的糖原分解为葡萄糖，使血糖水平维持在正常范围。 更多信息
在 Mayo Clinic 治疗糖尿病和抑郁症：应对两种病症糖尿病如何影响血糖 风险因素
导致糖尿病的风险因素因疾病类型而定。 并发症
糖尿病的长期并发症会逐渐发展。您的糖尿病病程越长、血糖控制越差，出现并发症的风险就越高。最终，糖尿病并发症可能致残甚至会危及生命。可能的并发症包括： 心血管疾病。糖尿病会大大增加各种心血管疾病的风险，包括伴有胸部疼痛的冠状动脉疾病（心绞痛）、心脏病发作、卒中和动脉狭窄（动脉粥样硬化）。如果您患有糖尿病，那就更有可能发生心脏病或卒中。 神经损伤（神经病变）。血糖水平过高可能损害为神经提供养分的毛细血管，特别是腿部毛细血管。这会引起患者肢体刺痛感、麻木感、灼热感或疼痛，通常从足趾尖或手指尖开始，逐渐向上蔓延。 如果不治疗，患肢可能会失去所有知觉。如果与消化有关的神经受到损伤，会引起恶心、呕吐、腹泻或便秘等问题。对男性来说，它可能引起勃起功能障碍。 肾脏损伤（肾病）。肾脏包含数百万个微小的血管簇（肾小球），用于过滤血液中的废物。糖尿病会破伤这个精细的过滤系统。严重受损可导致肾衰竭或不可逆的终末期肾病，这可能需要透析或肾移植。 眼损伤（视网膜病变）。糖尿病会损伤视网膜血管（糖尿病性视网膜病变），可能导致失明。糖尿病还会增加白内障、青光眼等其他严重眼病的发生风险。 足部损伤。足部神经损伤或血流不足会增加各种足部并发症的风险。如果不治疗，伤口或水疱可继发严重感染，通常愈合不良。这些感染最终可能需要脚趾、足部或腿部截肢术。 皮肤疾病。糖尿病会让人更容易出现皮肤问题，包括细菌和真菌感染。 听力损伤。听力问题更常见于糖尿病患者中。 阿尔茨海默病。2 型糖尿病似乎可以增加痴呆症（如阿尔茨海默病）风险。血糖控制越差，阿尔茨海默病的发生风险越高。尽管已有多种关于这些疾病相关性的假说，但均未得到证实。 抑郁症。抑郁症状常见于 1 型和 2 型糖尿病患者中。抑郁症会影响糖尿病的管理。 妊娠期糖尿病的并发症
大多数患有妊娠期糖尿病的孕妇都能分娩出健康的宝宝。但是，未经治疗或血糖水平未得到控制，可能给您和胎儿带来一些问题。 妊娠期糖尿病可能导致围产儿并发症，包括： 胎儿过大。多余的葡萄糖会通过胎盘，刺激胎儿胰腺分泌过量的胰岛素。这可能导致胎儿生长过大（巨大儿）。胎儿过大的孕妇更有可能需要剖腹产。 低血糖。有时，妊娠期糖尿病孕妇分娩的婴儿在出生后不久便会发生低血糖（低血糖症），这是因为宝宝自身的胰岛素分泌量很高。立即喂奶并在必要时静脉注射葡萄糖溶液可以让婴儿的血糖水平恢复正常。 未来患 2 型糖尿病。妊娠期糖尿病孕妇分娩的婴儿未来患肥胖症和 2 型糖尿病的风险较高。 死亡。妊娠期糖尿病若不经治疗，可能导致围产儿在出生前或出生后不久死亡。 妊娠期糖尿病也可能引起母体并发症，包括： 子痫前期。该病的特征是高血压、蛋白尿和腿脚肿胀。子痫前期可能导致孕妇和胎儿出现严重甚至危及生命的并发症。 再次发生妊娠期糖尿病。如怀孕时患妊娠期糖尿病，则下次怀孕时再次发病的可能性较高。随着年龄增长，患糖尿病（通常是 2 型糖尿病）的风险也会增加。 更多信息
在 Mayo Clinic 治疗与糖尿病有关的骨骼和关节问题截肢与糖尿病糖尿病和肝脏糖尿病和足部护理显示更多相关信息 预防
1 型糖尿病无法预防。但是，那些有助于改善糖尿病前期、2 型糖尿病和妊娠期糖尿病的健康生活方式同样也可以预防糖尿病前期并发症的发生： 吃健康食品。选择低脂、低热量、高纤维的食物。多吃水果、蔬菜和全谷物。力求食物类型多样化，避免单一。 多运动。在一周的大部分时间里，进行 30 分钟左右的中等有氧运动，或者每周至少进行 150 分钟的中等有氧运动。 减掉多余的体重。如果您超重，只需减掉 7% 的体重就能使糖尿病的发生风险降低，例如如果您的体重为 200 磅（90.7 kg），只需减掉 14 磅（6.4 kg）即可。 但是，不要尝试在孕期减重。咨询医生您在孕期体重增加多少比较合适。 要想将体重保持在健康范围内，应着重对饮食和运动习惯进行永久性的改变。通过牢记减重的益处来激励自己，例如减重可以增进心脏健康、提升精力和增强自尊心。 有时用药也是一个选择。口服降糖药，例如二甲双胍（Glumetza、Fortamet等）可以降低 2 型糖尿病的发生风险。但是选择健康的生活方式仍必不可少。至少每年检测一次血糖，以确认是否已发展成为 2 型糖尿病。 来自妙佑医疗国际员工 在 Mayo Clinic 治疗 申请 Mayo Clinic 预约 诊断与治疗 Aug. 09, 2022 打印 Share on: FacebookTwitterWeChat WeChat
CloseWeibo 显示参考文献 Ferri FF. Diabetes mellitus. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 7, 2022. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S002. Papadakis MA, et al., eds. Diabetes mellitus. In: Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2022. 61st ed. McGraw Hill; 2022. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed May 4, 2022. Diabetes risk factors. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/risk-factors.html. Accessed June 2, 2022. Cunningham FG, et al. Diabetes mellitus. In: Williams Obstetrics. 25th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed June 2, 2022. Diabetes and DKA (ketoacidosis). American Diabetes Association. https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/dka-ketoacidosis-ketones. Accessed May 4, 2022. Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Complementary and alternative medicine for diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2018; doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.023. Nimmagadda R. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. June 16, 2022. Jameson JL, et al., eds. Diabetes mellitus: Diagnosis, classification and pathophysiology. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed June 2, 2022. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S009. Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S005. AskMayoExpert. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clinic; 2021. Glycemic targets: Standards of Medical Care in diabetes - 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S012. Comprehensive medical evaluation and assessment of comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S004. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes and associated comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in diabetes - 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S003. Obesity and weight management for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S008. Diabetes technology. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2022. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S007. 相关
与糖尿病有关的骨骼和关节问题 人工甜味剂：对血糖有任何影响吗？ 使用胰岛素 升糖指数：是控制糖尿病的实用工具吗？ 反应性低血糖症：我该怎么办？ 夜宵：糖尿病患者可以吃夜宵吗？ 截肢与糖尿病 查看食品标签 糖尿病：外出就餐 糖尿病与运动：何时监测血糖 糖尿病和心脏 糖尿病和抑郁症：应对两种病症 糖尿病和牙齿保健 糖尿病和禁食：我是否可以在斋月期间禁食？ 糖尿病和肝脏 糖尿病和足部护理 糖尿病如何影响血糖 糖尿病治疗：肉桂能降低血糖吗？ 糖尿病症状 糖尿病管理：生活方式、日常起居如何影响血糖 糖尿病营养餐：甜食 糖尿病食物：我可以用蜂蜜代替糖吗？ 糖尿病饮食：制定健康饮食计划 糖尿病饮食：我是否应避免甜味水果？ 素食饮食：能帮助我控制糖尿病吗？ 胰岛素和体重增长 血糖仪 血糖检测：原因、时间及方式 血糖水平可因多种原因波动 血糖监测仪 避免糖尿病并发症的 10 种方法 黎明现象：您要怎么做？ Show more related content Associated Procedures
减肥手术 糖化血红蛋白 (A1C) 检测 胰腺移植 葡萄糖耐量试验 Show more associated procedures Mayo Clinic 新闻
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