偏头痛 - 症状与病因 - 妙佑医疗国际
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What is a migraine A Mayo Clinic expert explains
Learning about migraine disorder can be intimidating. Amaal Starling, M.D., a neurologist at Mayo Clinic, walks you through the facts, the questions, and the answers to help you better understand this condition. 请参见副本 供视频使用 What is a migraine A Mayo Clinic expert explains Hi, I'm Dr. Amaal Starling, a neurologist at Mayo Clinic specializing in headache disorders. In this video, we will cover the basics of migraine. What is it? Who gets it, the symptoms, the diagnosis, and most importantly, the treatment. Whether you're looking for answers for yourself or someone you love, we are here to give you the best information available. There is a lot of stigma around migraine. That it's just a headache and that it's no big deal. But migraine is a genetic neurologic disease. It affects each person differently with a wide range of disease severity. Some have infrequent attacks, but others may have frequent disabling attacks. Expecting someone to push through or just take your mind off of it is never good advice. Who gets it? Migraine is very common, affecting one in five women, one in 16 men, and even one in 11 children. Migraine attacks are three times more prevalent in women, likely as a result of hormonal differences. Certainly genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of migraine disease. And since it is genetic, it is hereditary. Meaning if a parent has migraine, there's about a 50 percent chance that a child may develop migraine as well. If you have migraine, certain factors can trigger an attack. However, this does not mean that if you get a migraine attack, that it's their fault, that you should feel any guilt or shame for your symptoms. Hormonal changes, specifically fluctuations and estrogen that can occur during menstrual periods, pregnancy and perimenopause can trigger a migraine attack. Other known triggers include certain medications, drinking alcohol, especially red wine, drinking too much caffeine, stress. Sensory stimulation such as bright lights or strong smells. Sleep changes, weather changes, skipping meals or even certain foods like aged cheeses and processed foods. What are the symptoms? The most common symptom of migraine is the intense throbbing head pain. This pain can be so severe that it interferes with your day-to-day activities. It can also be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, as well as sensitivity to light and sound. However, a migraine can look very different from one person to another. Some people may get prodrome symptoms, the beginning of a migraine attack. These can be subtle warnings such as constipation, mood changes, food cravings, neck stiffness, increased urination, or even frequent yawning. Sometimes people may not even realize that these are warning signs of a migraine attack. In about a third of people living with migraine, aura might occur before or even during a migraine attack. Aura is the term that we use for these temporary reversible neurologic symptoms. They're usually visual, but they can include other neurologic symptoms as well. They typically built up over several minutes and they can last for up to an hour. Examples of migraine aura include visual phenomena such as seeing geometric shapes or bright spots, or flashing lights, or even loss of vision. Some people may develop numbness or a pins and needles sensation on one side of their face or body, or even difficulty speaking. At the end of a migraine attack, you might feel drained, confused, or washed out for up to a day. This is called the post-drome phase. How is it diagnosed? Migraine is a clinical diagnosis. That means the diagnosis is based on the symptoms reported by the patient. There is no lab test or imaging study that can rule in or rule out migraine. Based on screening diagnostic criteria, if you have the symptoms of headache associated with sensitivity to light, a decrease in function and nausea, you likely have migraine. Please see your healthcare professional for the possible diagnosis of migraine and migraine specific treatment. How is it treated? Because there is such a wide spectrum of disease severity with migraine, there's also a wide spectrum of management plans. Some people need what we call an acute or a rescue treatment for infrequent migraine attacks. Whereas other people need both an acute and a preventive treatment plan. Preventive treatment reduces the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. It might be a daily oral medication, a monthly injection, or even injections and infusions that are delivered once every three months. The right medications combined with lifestyle changes can be helpful to improve the lives of those living with migraine. There are ways to manage and minimize the triggers of migraine using the SEEDS method. The S is for sleep. Improve your sleep routine by sticking to a specific schedule, reducing screens and distractions at night. E is for exercise. Start small, even five minutes once a week and slowly increase the duration and frequency to make it a habit. And stick to movement and activities that you enjoy. E is for eat healthy, well-balanced meals at least three times a day and stay hydrated. The D is for diary. Track your migraine days and symptoms in a diary. Use a calendar, an agenda, or an app. Bring that diary with you to your follow-up appointments with your doctor to review. The S is for stress management to help manage migraine attacks triggered by stress. Consider therapy, mindfulness, biofeedback, and other relaxation techniques that work for you. What now? Migraine attacks can be disabling, but there are ways to manage the disease and to empower yourself to get the care and the support that you need. First. We need to end the stigma around migraine. It is not just a headache, it is a genetic neurologic disease. Next, talk to your healthcare professional about your symptoms. Eradicate the words "I'm fine" from your vocabulary and be honest with your healthcare professional, your employer, your loved ones, about how you're feeling as well as the kind of support that you need. Make yourself a top priority when you're having a migraine attack and reduce the likelihood of attacks through lifestyle adjustments. Have a consistent schedule, get adequate sleep, and learn strategies to cope with the stresses of life using mindfulness and meditation. Empower yourself to manage migraine with lifestyle changes and migraine specific treatment options. Together you and your doctor can manage the disease of migraine. If you'd like to learn more about migraine, watch or other related videos or visit mayoclinic.org. We wish you well. 偏头痛是头痛的一种，可引起严重的搏动性疼痛或跳动感，通常仅出现在头部一侧。通常会伴有恶心、呕吐，以及对光和声音极其敏感。偏头痛发作可持续数小时至数天，且疼痛可能严重到干扰您的日常活动。 部分人群在头痛前或头痛时会出现报警症状，称为先兆。先兆可能包括视力障碍（例如闪光或盲点）或其他障碍（例如一侧面部、手臂或腿部有麻刺感和说话困难）。 药物可以帮助预防某些偏头痛和减轻疼痛。将正确的药物与自我疗法及改变生活方式相结合，可能会有帮助。 产品与服务
Available Solutions for Headaches from Mayo Clinic StoreBook: Taking Care of You书籍：《妙佑医疗国际家庭健康手册》第 5 版书籍：《妙佑医疗国际疼痛缓解指南》显示妙佑医疗国际的更多产品 症状
偏头痛影响儿童、青少年以及成人，会经历四个发展阶段：前驱症状、先兆、发作和后驱症状。并非每个偏头痛患者都会经历所有阶段。 前驱症状
偏头痛发作前一两天，您可能会注意到一些细微变化，这些变化预示着偏头痛即将到来，包括： 便秘 情绪变化，从抑郁到兴奋 饮食冲动 颈部僵硬 排尿增加 液体潴留 经常打呵欠 先兆症状
有些人在偏头痛发作之前或期间可能出现先兆症状。先兆症状是神经系统的可逆症状。它们通常出现在视觉方面，但也可能包括其他失调。每种症状通常都是逐渐开始的，在几分钟内逐渐累积，并最多可持续 60 分钟。 偏头痛先兆的例子包括： 视觉现象，例如看到各种形状、亮点或闪光 视力减退 手臂或腿上有发麻和针刺的感觉 面部或身体一侧无力或麻木 说话困难 攻击
如果不经治疗，偏头痛通常会持续 4 到 72 小时。偏头痛的发生频率因人而异。偏头痛可能很少发生或每月发作几次。 偏头痛发作期间，您可能会： 往往是头部单侧疼痛，但经常在两侧 阵痛或搏动的疼痛 对光、声音敏感，有时嗅觉和触觉也敏感 恶心和呕吐 偏头痛后期
偏头痛发作后，您可能一整天都会感到筋疲力尽、困惑和疲惫。有患者报告称有兴奋感。头部突然活动可能会再次引发短暂疼痛。 何时就医
偏头痛通常无法确诊和治疗。如果您经常出现偏头痛的体征和症状，请记录您的发作情况和处理方式。然后与医生约诊以讨论您的头痛问题。 即使您有头痛史，但只要发作模式发生变化，或者您突然感觉头痛有所不同，也应该就医。 如果出现以下任何体征和症状，表明您的病情加重，请立即就医或看急诊： 像遭到雷击一样突发剧烈头痛 头痛伴发热、颈部僵硬、意识模糊、癫痫发作、复视、身体任何部位麻木或无力，这可能是卒中的体征 头部受伤后出现头痛 咳嗽、劳累、过度用力或突然移动后，慢性头痛加剧 50 岁后新发头痛 更多信息
在 Mayo Clinic 治疗偏头痛与胃肠道问题：存在联系吗？ 申请 Mayo Clinic 预约 病因
虽然偏头痛的病因尚不完全清楚，但遗传和环境因素似乎起到了一定的作用。 脑干的变化及其与三叉神经（主要的疼痛通路）的相互作用可能与此有关。包括血清素在内的大脑化学物质失衡也可能有关，血清素有助于调节神经系统的疼痛。 研究人员正在研究血清素在偏头痛中的作用。包括降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）在内的其他神经递质也在偏头痛中发挥了作用。 偏头痛诱因
偏头痛有很多诱因，其中包括： 女性的荷尔蒙变化。雌激素波动似乎会引发很多女性头痛，如月经前或月经期间、怀孕和绝经期。 口服避孕药等激素类药物也可能会加重偏头痛。然而，有些女性发现，服用这些药物后，她们的偏头痛发生频率有所减少。 饮料。包括酒精（尤其是葡萄酒）以及过多的咖啡因（如咖啡）。 压力。工作或家庭的压力会导致偏头痛。 感官刺激。明亮或闪烁的灯光，以及巨大的声响都可能诱发偏头痛。强烈的气味，包括香水、油漆稀释剂、二手烟等其他气味，也可能会引发一些人的偏头痛。 睡眠变化。缺觉或睡得太多可能引发一些人的偏头痛。 身体因素。剧烈的体力活动（包括性生活）也可能会引发偏头痛。 天气变化。天气或气压的变化会引发偏头痛。 药物。口服避孕药和硝酸甘油等血管扩张剂会加重偏头痛。 食物。熟化奶酪、高盐和加工食物可能会诱发偏头痛。跳餐也是如此。 食品添加剂。包括甜味剂阿斯巴甜和很多食物中都有的防腐剂谷氨酸钠（MSG）。 更多信息
在 Mayo Clinic 治疗偏头痛：是否由天气变化引发？妙佑医疗国际一分钟：天气性偏头痛 风险因素
有几个因素会导致您更容易出现偏头痛，包括： 家族病史。如果您有家人患有偏头痛，那么您有很大机率也会患上偏头痛。 年龄。任何年龄段都可能出现偏头痛，不过通常在青春期首次发作。偏头痛通常在30 多岁时最严重，并在接下来的几十年内逐年减弱且发作次数不断减少。 性别。女性患偏头痛的机率是男性的三倍。 激素变化。患有偏头痛的女性，头痛可能在月经来潮前或月经来潮不久后发作。在妊娠期或绝经后，偏头痛可能会发生变化。绝经后，偏头痛通常会得到改善。 并发症
经常服用止痛药会引发严重的药物过量性头痛。阿司匹林、对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因联合使用的风险似乎最高。如果您每月服用阿司匹林或布洛芬（Advil、Motrin IB 等）超过 14 天，或每月服用曲普坦、舒马普坦（Imitrex、Tosymra）或利扎曲普坦（Maxalt、Maxalt-MLT）超过 9 天，也会引发药物过量性头痛。 当药物不再缓解疼痛并开始引起头痛时，就会发生用药过度性头痛。然后，您会使用更多止痛药，继续这一循环。 来自妙佑医疗国际员工 在 Mayo Clinic 治疗 申请 Mayo Clinic 预约 诊断与治疗 July 02, 2021 打印 Share on: FacebookTwitterWeChat WeChat
CloseWeibo 显示参考文献 Cutrer FM, et al. Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of migraine in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 31, 2021. Migraine information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Migraine-Information-Page. Accessed Jan. 31, 2021. Headache: Hope through research. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Hope-Through-Research/Headache-Hope-Through-Research. Accessed Feb. 6, 2021. Smith JH, et al. Acute treatment of migraine in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 31, 2021. Simon RP, et al. Headache & facial pain. In: Clinical Neurology. 10th ed. McGraw Hill; 2018. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed Feb. 14, 2021. Ha H, et al. Migraine headache prophylaxis. American Family Physician. 2019;99:17. Kissoon NR (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. March 16, 2021. Smith JH, et al. Preventive treatment of episodic migraine in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 31, 2021. Kleinman K, et al. Neurology. In: Harriet Lane Handbook. 22nd ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Feb. 7, 2021. Taylor FR. ABC's of headache trigger management. American Migraine Foundation. https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/abcs-of-headache-trigger-management/. Accessed Feb. 6, 2021. AskMayoExpert. Migraine (adult) adjunctive therapy (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2020. Integrative and complementary migraine treatments. American Migraine Foundation. https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/integrative-migraine-treatments/. Accessed Feb. 14, 2021. Riggin EA. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. March 1, 2021. FDA approves new treatment for patients with migraine. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-treatment-adults-migraine. Accessed April 20, 2021. 相关
Infographic: Migraine Treatments: Botox & Nerve Blocking Migraine FAQs What is a migraine A Mayo Clinic expert explains 偏头痛：是否由天气变化引发？ 偏头痛与胃肠道问题：存在联系吗？ 偏头痛和眩晕 偏头痛治疗：抗抑郁药是否有帮助？ 偏头痛药物和抗抑郁药 妙佑医疗国际一分钟：天气性偏头痛 妙佑医疗国际一分钟：用磁力刺激预防偏头痛 枕神经刺激：是有效的偏头痛治疗方式吗？ 眼性偏头痛：何时寻求帮助 管理头痛 缓解偏头痛 Show more related content Associated Procedures
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Mayo Clinic Q and A: Botox for migraines Sept. 18, 2022, 11:00 a.m. CDT Mayo Clinic Minute: Better-tolerated treatments for migraine pain Sept. 14, 2022, 02:30 p.m. CDT 'SEEDS' for success in migraine management Nov. 18, 2021, 06:00 p.m. CDT Science Saturday: Opioids provide low evidence of pain relief for migraine Aug. 28, 2021, 07:00 a.m. CDT Mayo Clinic Minute: Can weather trigger migraines? June 22, 2021, 06:39 p.m. CDT Mayo Clinic Q and A: Headaches and menstruation June 17, 2021, 12:04 p.m. CDT Weathering migraines: Mayo Clinic Radio Health Minute Nov. 20, 2020, 09:24 p.m. CDT Show more news from Mayo Clinic 产品与服务
Available Solutions for Headaches from Mayo Clinic Store Book: Taking Care of You 书籍：《妙佑医疗国际家庭健康手册》第 5 版 书籍：《妙佑医疗国际疼痛缓解指南》 Show more products and services from Mayo Clinic 偏头痛
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