膀胱癌 - 症状与病因 - 妙佑医疗国际
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What is bladder cancer A Mayo Clinic expert explains
Learn more about bladder cancer from urologist Mark Tyson, M.D., M.P.H. 请参见副本 供视频使用 What is bladder cancer A Mayo Clinic expert explains Hi. I'm Dr. Mark Tyson, a urologist at Mayo Clinic. In this video, we'll cover the basics of bladder cancer: What is it? Who gets it? The symptoms. Diagnosis and treatment. Whether you're looking for answers for yourself or someone you love, we're here to give you the best information available. Bladder cancer is almost always one certain type of cancer called urothelial carcinoma, because it starts when urothelial cells that line the inside of the bladder over multiply and become abnormal. Most bladder cancer is caught in the early stages and therefore very treatable. Who gets it? While bladder cancer can happen to anyone, it affects certain groups more than others. For instance, smokers. As the bladder works to filter the harmful chemicals ingested in cigarette smoke, it becomes damaged. In fact, smokers are three times more likely to get bladder cancer. People over the age of 55 are more at risk, as are men, more than women. Exposure to harmful chemicals, either at home or at work, previous cancer treatments, chronic bladder inflammation, or a family history of bladder cancer can also play a role. What are the symptoms? Bladder cancer symptoms are usually clear and easy to notice. If any of these symptoms are present, it may be worth making an appointment to see a doctor: Blood in the urine, frequent urination, painful urination or back pain. Your doctor may investigate the more common causes of the symptoms first, or may refer you to a specialist, like a urologist or an oncologist. How is it diagnosed? To determine if you have bladder cancer, your doctor may start with a cystoscopy, where a tiny camera is passed through the urethra to see into the bladder. If your doctor finds something suspicious, they can take a biopsy or a cell sample that is sent to a lab for analysis. In some cases, your doctor may do a urine cytology, where they examine a urine sample under a microscope to check for cancer cells. Or they may even do imaging tests of your urinary tract, like a CT urogram or a retrograde pyelogram. In both procedures, a safe dye is injected and travels to your bladder, illuminating the cancer cells so they can be seen in X-ray images. How is it treated? When creating a treatment plan for bladder cancer, your doctor is considering several factors, including the type and stage of cancer and your treatment preferences. There are five types of treatment options for bladder cancer: Surgery to remove the cancerous tissue. Chemotherapy, which uses cancer-cell-killing chemicals that can travel either locally into the bladder or through the whole body, if needed. Radiation therapy, which uses high-power beams of energy to target cancer cells. Targeted drug therapy focusing on blocking specific weaknesses present within cancer cells. And immunotherapy, a drug treatment that helps your immune system recognize cancer cells and attack them. What now? Getting a cancer diagnosis or worrying that cancer will return can be very stressful. However, there are ways to feel more in control and deal with less stress. Stay on top of your follow-up tests and appointments. Even though they might feel uncomfortable or unpleasant, ultimately, they can empower you and your health. Take care of yourself outside of your appointments. Be good to your body with plenty of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, consistent exercise and the ever important sleep. Be good to your mind. Try different methods to cope with stress, like journaling or meditation. Maybe find a support group of cancer survivors who understand how you're feeling. If you'd like to learn even more about bladder cancer, watch our other related videos or visit mayoclinic.org. We wish you well. 女性泌尿系统 打开弹出式对话框 关闭 女性泌尿系统
女性泌尿系统
泌尿系统包括肾脏、输尿管、膀胱和尿道，负责通过尿液排出体内的废物。肾脏位于上腹后部，能够过滤血液中的废物和液体产生尿液。尿液随后可通过输尿管到达膀胱，在此储存，直到您在合适的时间将尿液排出。 男性泌尿系统 打开弹出式对话框 关闭 男性泌尿系统
男性泌尿系统
泌尿系统包括肾脏、输尿管、膀胱和尿道，负责通过尿液排出体内的废物。肾脏位于上腹后部，能够过滤血液中的废物和液体产生尿液。尿液随后可通过输尿管到达膀胱，在此储存，直到您在合适的时间将尿液排出。 膀胱癌是一种源于膀胱细胞的常见癌症。膀胱是位于下腹部的中空肌肉器官，用于储存尿液。 膀胱癌最常起源于覆盖膀胱内层的细胞（尿路上皮细胞）。肾脏和连接肾脏与膀胱的管路（输尿管）中也发现了尿路上皮细胞。尿路上皮癌也可发生于肾脏和输尿管，但更常见于膀胱。 大多数膀胱癌发现于早期，治愈率高。但即使是早期膀胱癌，治疗成功后也会复发。因此，膀胱癌患者通常需要在治疗后的几年内进行复查，以确定其是否复发。 产品与服务
Available Ostomy Supplies from Mayo Clinic Store书籍：《妙佑医疗国际家庭健康手册》第 5 版妙佑医疗国际商店的各种药片辅助工具简报：妙佑医疗国际卫生来信 — 数字版显示妙佑医疗国际的更多产品 症状
膀胱癌的体征和症状可能包括： 尿液含血（血尿），这会使尿液呈鲜红色或深棕色，尽管有时尿液外观正常，但在实验室检查中会检出血液 尿频 尿痛 背痛 何时就医
如果您注意到尿液变色并且担心可能含血，请预约医生进行检查。如果您有其他让自己担心的体征或症状，也请预约医生就诊。 申请 Mayo Clinic 预约 病因
膀胱癌 打开弹出式对话框 关闭 膀胱癌
膀胱癌
当膀胱细胞开始异常生长并在膀胱内形成肿瘤时，即发展成膀胱癌。 膀胱癌始于膀胱细胞自身 DNA 发生变化（突变）。细胞的 DNA 中存有指令，告诉细胞进行哪些工作。DNA 突变导致细胞迅速增殖，并在健康细胞应该死亡的情况下继续存活。异常细胞形成肿瘤，侵袭并破坏正常机体组织。随着时间的推移，异常细胞可能脱离并在身体中扩散（转移）。 膀胱癌的类型
膀胱中不同类型的细胞都可能发生癌变。开始出现癌变的膀胱细胞类型决定了膀胱癌的类型。医生利用这些信息确定哪些治疗方法最有效。 膀胱癌的类型包括： 尿路上皮癌。尿路上皮癌发生在膀胱内部的细胞，以前称为移行细胞癌。尿路上皮细胞在膀胱充满的时候扩大，在膀胱排空的时候收缩。同样的细胞位于输尿管和尿道的内部，这些地方也会形成癌。尿路上皮癌是美国最常见的膀胱癌类型。 鳞状细胞癌。鳞状细胞癌与慢性膀胱刺激有关，例如感染或长期使用导尿管。鳞状细胞膀胱癌在美国很少见。在某些寄生虫感染（血吸虫病）是膀胱感染常见原因的某些国家或地区更常见。 腺癌。腺癌源于组成膀胱内黏液分泌腺的细胞。膀胱腺癌非常罕见。 有些膀胱癌涉及不止一种类型的细胞。 风险因素
增加膀胱癌风险的因素包括： 吸烟。吸食香烟、雪茄或烟斗可能导致有害化学物质在尿液中堆积，增加膀胱癌风险。您要是抽烟，您的身体会处理烟中的化学物质，有一些会在尿液中分泌。这些有害的化学物质可能损害您的膀胱膜，这会增加患癌风险。 年龄增长。您的年龄增长会增加膀胱癌风险。虽然任何年龄都可能患膀胱癌，但多数人是在 55 岁以后诊断出膀胱癌。 身为男性。男性比女性更容易得膀胱癌。 接触某些化学物质。您的肾脏起着关键作用，它能够过滤您血流中的有害化学物质并转移到您的膀胱。正因为如此，经常接触某些化学物质可能增加膀胱癌风险。有膀胱癌风险的化学物质包括坤，以及用于燃料、橡皮、皮革、纺织品和油漆产品制造的化学物质。 既往癌症治疗。治疗时使用抗癌药物环磷酰胺会增加膀胱癌风险。因既往癌症接受骨盆放射治疗的人更容易患膀胱癌。 慢性膀胱炎症。长期使用导尿管等原因导致的慢性或反复尿路感染或炎症（膀胱炎）可能增加鳞状细胞膀胱癌风险。世界上的有些地区，鳞状细胞癌与寄生虫感染（血吸虫病）所导致的慢性膀胱炎症有关。 个人或家族癌症史。如果您得过膀胱癌，更有可能复发。如果您的父母、兄弟姐妹或孩子等血亲有膀胱癌史，您的这种疾病风险会增加，尽管家族性膀胱癌很少见。林奇综合征，也称为遗传性非多发性息肉结肠癌（HNPCC）的家族史会增加泌尿系统、结肠、子宫、卵巢和其他器官的患癌风险。 预防
虽然目前还没有预防膀胱癌的可靠方法，但是您可以通过采取恰当的措施来降低患病风险。例如： 请勿吸烟。如果您不吸烟，继续保持。如果您吸烟，请与医生讨论戒烟计划。互助小组、药物和其他方法可以帮助您戒烟。 小心处置化学品。如果您在工作中需要使用化学品，，请遵循所有避免暴露的安全说明。 摄入各种水果和蔬菜。选择富含各种颜色水果和蔬菜的饮食。水果和蔬菜中的抗氧化剂可能有助于降低患癌症的风险。 来自妙佑医疗国际员工 在 Mayo Clinic 治疗 申请 Mayo Clinic 预约 诊断与治疗 April 19, 2022 打印 Share on: FacebookTwitterWeChat WeChat
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Connect with others like you for support and answers to your questions in the Cancer support group on Mayo Clinic Connect, a patient community. Cancer Discussions
Anyone have experience with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)? 7 Replies Tue, Oct 11, 2022 chevron-right Leiomyosarcoma: What can I expect now? 10 Replies Mon, Oct 10, 2022 chevron-right Kidney Cancer: How to make recovery from surgery easier? 7 Replies Tue, Oct 04, 2022 chevron-right See more discussions 显示参考文献 AskMayoExpert. Bladder cancer (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2018. Bladder cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx. Accessed April 1, 2020. Partin AW, et al., eds. Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 1, 2020. Bladder cancer treatment (PDQ). National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/patient/bladder-treatment-pdq. Accessed April 8, 2020. What is retrograde pyelography? Urology Care Foundation. https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/retrograde-pyelography. Accessed April 15, 2020. AskMayoExpert. Urinary diversion. Mayo Clinic; 2019. Warner KJ. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. Jan. 22, 2020. 相关
Bladder cancer FAQs Bladder cancer treatment options Infographic: Bladder Cancer New immunotherapy approved for metastatic bladder cancer Scientists propose a breast cancer drug for some bladder cancer patients What is bladder cancer A Mayo Clinic expert explains 机器人膀胱手术 满意的癌症手术 膀胱癌 Show more related content Associated Procedures
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Mayo Clinic Q&A podcast: Bladder cancer patients require ongoing surveillance May 17, 2021, 01:01 p.m. CDT 产品与服务
Available Ostomy Supplies from Mayo Clinic Store 书籍：《妙佑医疗国际家庭健康手册》第 5 版 妙佑医疗国际商店的各种药片辅助工具 简报：妙佑医疗国际卫生来信 — 数字版 Show more products and services from Mayo Clinic 妙佑医疗国际明尼苏达州罗切斯特院区和亚利桑那州凤凰城 斯科茨代尔院区均被《美国新闻与世界报道》评为 2022-2023 全美顶尖癌症医院。
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