甲状腺癌 - 症状与病因 - 妙佑医疗国际
2019 冠状病毒病（COVID - 19）相关事实
关于 COVID-19、COVID-19 疫苗、妙佑医疗国际患者及访客的最新信息 Skip to site navigation Skip to Content 这部分内容没有英语版本。这部分内容没有阿拉伯语版本。 Search 申请预约 查找医生 查找工作 开始捐款 登录患者账户 简体中文 English Español العربية Weibo WeChat Close Twitter Facebook Pinterest YouTube 菜单 预约门诊 患者护理和健康信息 疾病与状况 甲状腺癌
打印 概述
What is thyroid cancer A Mayo Clinic expert explains
Learn more about thyroid cancer from endocrinologist Mabel Ryder, M.D. 请参见副本 供视频使用 What is thyroid cancer A Mayo Clinic expert explains I'm Dr. Mabel Ryder, an endocrinologist at Mayo Clinic. In this video, we'll cover the basics of thyroid cancer: What is it? Who gets it? The symptoms. Diagnosis and treatment. Whether you're looking for answers for yourself or someone you love, we're here to give you the best information available. What is the thyroid? This is a butterfly shaped gland that sits at the base of your neck. It's an important gland responsible for producing hormones that control a lot of vital functions in your body, such as your heart and your heart rate, your blood pressure, your body temperature, and your weight. When thyroid cells mutate, changes to their DNA cause them to grow and multiply. Where healthy cells typically die, these abnormal cells grow and grow and eventually form a tumor. Sometimes these cells invade nearby tissue, and can spread or metastasize to other parts of the body. There are several different kinds of thyroid cancer. Some grow slowly. Others can be more aggressive. Because we're able to detect small thyroid cancers with new technology, the rate of thyroid cancer incidence has gone up. However, most cancers are very treatable and the prognosis for most patients with thyroid cancer is excellent. There are other things that can increase your chances of developing thyroid cancer. Women are three times more likely to develop thyroid cancer. And exposure to high levels of radiation, for instance, radiation therapy to the head or neck for other cancers, can increase your risk. Certain hereditary genetic syndromes may also play a role. Different types of thyroid cancer are more likely to affect different age groups. Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common form of thyroid cancer. And although it can occur at any age, it generally affects people ages 30 to 50. Follicular thyroid cancer usually affects people older than age 50. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is a very rare type of cancer that typically occurs in adults 60 and older. And medullary thyroid cancer. Although uncommon, up to 30 percent of patients with medullary thyroid cancer are associated with genetic syndromes that can increase your risk for other tumors as well. Typically, thyroid cancer doesn't trigger any signs or symptoms in its early stages. As it grows, you may notice a lump that can be felt through the skin in your neck. You may notice changes to your voice, including hoarseness of your voice, or difficulty swallowing. Some may develop pain in their neck or throat. Or you may develop swollen lymph nodes in your neck. If you're experiencing any of these issues and are concerned, make an appointment with your doctor. Most often, diagnosing thyroid cancer starts with the physical exam. Your doctor will feel for physical changes in your neck and the thyroid. This usually is followed by blood tests and ultrasound imaging. Armed with this information, doctors may decide to do a biopsy to remove a small sample of tissue from your thyroid. In some cases, genetic testing may be done to help determine any associated hereditary causes. If diagnosed with thyroid cancer, several other tests may be done to help your doctor determine whether your cancer has spread beyond the thyroid and outside of the neck. These tests may include blood tests to check tumor markers and imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI, or nuclear imaging tests, such as a radioiodine whole-body scan. Fortunately, most thyroid cancers can be beaten with treatments. Very small cancers - under 1 centimeter - have a low risk of growing or spreading and, thus, might not need treatment right away. Instead, your doctor may recommend observation with blood tests, an ultrasound, and a physical exam once or twice per year. In many people, this small cancer - under 1 centimeter - might never grow and may never require surgery. In cases where further treatment is necessary, surgery is common. Depending on your cancer, your doctor may remove just a portion of the thyroid - a procedure known as thyroidectomy. Or your doctor may remove all of the thyroid. Other treatments may include thyroid hormone therapy, alcohol ablation, radioactive iodine, targeted drug therapy, external radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, in some. Ultimately, what your treatment looks like will depend on the stage of your cancer and the type of thyroid cancer you have. If you've been diagnosed with thyroid cancer, you might feel as if you aren't sure what to do next. And that's normal, everyone eventually find their own way of coping with a cancer diagnosis. But until you find what works for you, try the following. Learn all you can to help you make decisions about your care. Connect with other survivors. Talking to people who share your situation can be incredibly helpful. And control what you can about your health. Take steps to keep your body healthy during and after treatment. Eat a healthy diet full of a variety of fruits and vegetables. Get enough rest. And try to incorporate physical activity when you can. Being diagnosed with cancer can be frightening, but take comfort in the fact that most cases of this cancer are treatable. If you'd like to learn even more about thyroid cancer, watch our other related videos or visit mayoclinic.org. We wish you well. 甲状腺癌 打开弹出式对话框 关闭 甲状腺癌
甲状腺癌
甲状腺癌发生在甲状腺细胞中。 甲状腺癌发生在甲状腺细胞中，甲状腺是位于颈部底部的蝴蝶状腺体，就在喉结下方。甲状腺会产生激素来调节您的心率、血压、体温和体重。 甲状腺癌一开始可能不会出现任何症状。但随着其生长，它会导致颈部疼痛和肿胀。 甲状腺癌分几种类型。有些生长非常缓慢，有些则具有很强的攻击性。大部分甲状腺癌病例可以治愈。 甲状腺癌的发病率似乎在上升。一些医生认为，这是因为新技术使他们能够发现过去可能没有发现的小型甲状腺癌。 产品与服务
书籍：《妙佑医疗国际家庭健康手册》第 5 版简报：妙佑医疗国际卫生来信 — 数字版显示妙佑医疗国际的更多产品 症状
甲状腺 打开弹出式对话框 关闭 甲状腺
甲状腺
甲状腺位于颈根部，喉结正下方。 甲状腺癌在疾病早期通常不会引起任何体征或症状。随着甲状腺癌的长大，可能导致： 可透过颈部皮肤感觉到的肿块（结节） 声音发生变化，包括声音越来越嘶哑 吞咽困难 颈部和咽喉疼痛 颈部淋巴结肿大 何时就诊
如果您出现任何让您担心的体征或症状，请与医生约诊。 申请 Mayo Clinic 预约 病因
甲状腺癌的病因尚不清楚。 甲状腺癌发生于甲状腺中的细胞发生基因变化（突变）。突变导致细胞快速生长和增殖。这些细胞也不会像正常细胞那样死亡。异常甲状腺细胞不断积聚，最终形成肿瘤。异常细胞会入侵附近组织，并扩散（转移）至身体其他部位。 甲状腺癌的类型
甲状腺癌根据肿瘤中存在的细胞种类分型。您的癌症类型是在显微镜下检查您的甲状腺组织样本时确定的。在确定您的治疗和预后时，会考虑甲状腺癌的类型。 甲状腺癌的类型包括： 甲状腺乳头状癌。最常见的甲状腺癌形式是甲状腺乳头状癌，源自产生并存储甲状腺激素的滤泡细胞。甲状腺乳头状癌可能在任何年龄发生，但最常累及 30 到 50 岁人群。医生有时将甲状腺乳头状癌和滤泡状甲状腺癌统称为分化型甲状腺癌。 滤泡状甲状腺癌。滤泡状甲状腺癌也源自甲状腺的滤泡细胞。一般侵袭 50 岁以上人群。甲状腺嗜酸细胞癌是一种可能更具侵袭性的罕见癌症，又称滤泡性甲状腺癌。 甲状腺未分化癌。甲状腺未分化癌是一种始于滤泡细胞的罕见甲状腺癌。生长迅速，很难治疗。甲状腺未分化癌一般发生于 60 岁及以上的成人中。 甲状腺髓样癌。甲状腺髓样癌始于一种产生降钙素的甲状腺细胞，叫做 C 细胞。降钙素血液水平升高可能提示有极早期甲状腺髓样癌。某些遗传性综合征会升高甲状腺髓样癌风险，尽管这种遗传关联并不常见。 其他罕见类型。始于甲状腺的其他罕见癌症类型包括甲状腺淋巴瘤和甲状腺肉瘤，前者源自甲状腺的免疫系统细胞，后者源自甲状腺的结缔组织细胞。 风险因素
可能增加患甲状腺癌风险的因素包括： 女性。女性比男性更容易出现甲状腺癌。 接触高辐射。头部和颈部的放疗会增加患甲状腺癌的风险。 某些遗传病综合征。会增加甲状腺癌风险的遗传综合征包括家族性甲状腺髓样癌、多发性内分泌肿瘤、多发性缺陷瘤综合征和家族性腺瘤性息肉病。 并发症
甲状腺癌复发
甲状腺癌在治疗后仍旧会复发，即使您已经切除了甲状腺。如果癌细胞在切除甲状腺之前就扩散到甲状腺以外，则可能发生这种情况。 甲状腺癌可能在以下部位复发： 颈部的淋巴结 手术遗留的甲状腺组织小块 身体的其他区域，如肺部和骨骼 复发的甲状腺癌可以治疗。医生可能建议定期执行血液检测或甲状腺扫描，以检查是否存在甲状腺癌复发的体征。 Thyroid cancer that spreads metastasizes
Thyroid cancer sometimes spreads to nearby lymph nodes or to other parts of the body. The cancer cells that spread might be found when you're first diagnosed or they might be found after treatment. The great majority of thyroid cancers don't ever spread. When thyroid cancer spreads, it most often travels to: Lymph nodes in the neck Lungs Bones Brain Liver Skin Thyroid cancer that spreads might be detected on imaging tests, such as CT and MRI, when you're first diagnosed with thyroid cancer. After successful treatment, your health care provider might recommend follow-up appointments to look for signs that your thyroid cancer has spread. These appointments might include nuclear imaging scans that use a radioactive form of iodine and a special camera to detect thyroid cancer cells. 预防
医生不能确定大多数甲状腺癌的病因，因此无法让面临甲状腺癌平均风险的人群预防这种疾病。 高危人群的预防
因遗传性基因突变而有较高甲状腺髓样癌风险的成人和儿童可以考虑甲状腺手术来预防癌症（预防性甲状腺切除术）。与遗传顾问讨论可供您选择的甲状腺癌治疗方案，遗传顾问能够向您说明您患甲状腺癌的风险以及治疗方案。 核电站附近人员需要采取的预防措施
有时会向居住在核电站附近的人们提供一种阻止辐射对甲状腺影响的药物。核反应堆事故不太可能发生，但一旦发生，也可以使用这种药物（碘化钾）。如果您居住在距离核电站 10 英里的范围内，并且担心安全预防措施，请与您所在的州或当地的应急管理部门联系以了解更多信息。 来自妙佑医疗国际员工 在 Mayo Clinic 治疗 申请 Mayo Clinic 预约 诊断与治疗 May 13, 2022 打印 Share on: FacebookTwitterWeChat WeChat
CloseWeibo Living with 甲状腺癌
Connect with others like you for support and answers to your questions in the Thyroid Cancer support group on Mayo Clinic Connect, a patient community. Thyroid Cancer Discussions
Daughter, 45 anaplastic thyroid cancer. Had surgery, chemo, radiation. 24 Replies Fri, Aug 12, 2022 chevron-right CHEK2 genetic mutation and thyroid cancer 2 Replies Thu, Aug 04, 2022 chevron-right Thyroid cancer: What options should I consider after surgery? 1 Replies Mon, Jun 13, 2022 chevron-right See more discussions 显示参考文献 AskMayoExpert. Differentiated thyroid cancer (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2018. Niederhuber JE, et al., eds. Cancer of the endocrine system. In: Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Jan. 21, 2022. Melmed S, et al. Nontoxic diffuse goiter, nodular thyroid disorders and thyroid malignancies. In: Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Jan. 21, 2022. AskMayoExpert. Medullary thyroid cancer. Mayo Clinic; 2021. Thyroid carcinoma. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1470. Accessed Jan. 21, 2022. Vaccarella S, et al. Worldwide thyroid-cancer epidemic? The increasing impact of overdiagnosis. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2016; doi:10.1056/NEJMp1604412. AskMayoExpert. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Mayo Clinic; 2021. Suteau V, et al. Sex bias in differentiated thyroid cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; doi:10.3390/ijms222312992. Health Education & Content Services (Patient Education). Follow-up for low-risk thyroid cancer. Mayo Clinic; 2018. Frequently asked questions about potassium iodide. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. https://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/emerg-preparedness/about-emerg-preparedness/potassium-iodide/ki-faq.html. Accessed Jan. 25, 2022. Wang TS, et al. Thyroidectomy. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 20, 2022. Thyroid cancer. Cancer.Net. https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/thyroid-cancer. Accessed Feb. 7, 2022. Health Education & Content Services (Patient Education). Thyroid surgery. Mayo Clinic; 2018. Schumm MA, et al. Frequency of hormone replacement after lobectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrine Practice. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.01.004. I-131 radiotherapy. Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. https://www.snmmi.org/AboutSNMMI/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=10563. Accessed Jan. 25, 2022. Palliative care. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=3&id=1454. Accessed Jan. 25, 2022. Sosa JA, et al. The importance of surgeon experience for clinical and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy. Annals of Surgery. 1998; doi:10.1097/00000658-199809000-00005. Jensen NA. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. Nov. 11, 2021. Creagan ET (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Feb. 26, 2022. 相关
Thyroid cancer FAQs What is thyroid cancer A Mayo Clinic expert explains 甲状腺癌 Associated Procedures
化疗 姑息疗法 放射疗法 甲状腺切除术 超声波检查 针刺活检 Show more associated procedures Mayo Clinic 新闻
What you should know about thyroid cancer in adolescents, young adults Sept. 20, 2022, 03:00 p.m. CDT 产品与服务
书籍：《妙佑医疗国际家庭健康手册》第 5 版 简报：妙佑医疗国际卫生来信 — 数字版 Show more products and services from Mayo Clinic 甲状腺癌
症状与病因诊断与治疗医生与科室在 Mayo Clinic 治疗 Advertisement
妙佑医疗国际不为任何公司或产品背书。广告收入为我们的非营利使命提供支持。 广告与赞助政策 政策 机会 广告选择 妙佑医疗国际出版社
浏览妙佑医疗国际出版社提供的畅销书以及书籍和简报的特别优惠。 更新：聪明烹饪，健康饮食 - 妙佑医疗国际出版社更新：聪明烹饪，健康饮食妙佑医疗国际免费饮食方案评估 - 妙佑医疗国际出版社妙佑医疗国际免费饮食方案评估更新：妙佑医疗国际听觉和平衡 - 妙佑医疗国际出版社更新：妙佑医疗国际听觉和平衡妙佑医疗国际健康通讯 — 免费书籍 - 妙佑医疗国际出版社妙佑医疗国际健康通讯 — 免费书籍活得更年轻更长久 - 妙佑医疗国际出版社活得更年轻更长久 CON-20198282 患者护理和健康信息 疾病与状况 甲状腺癌