特应性皮炎（湿疹） - 症状与病因 - 妙佑医疗国际

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特应性皮炎（湿疹）

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概述

踝关节特应性皮炎打开弹出式对话框关闭

踝关节特应性皮炎

特应性皮炎可引起皮肤干燥增厚和皮疹。膝部后侧的特应性皮炎打开弹出式对话框关闭

膝部后侧的特应性皮炎

特应性皮炎可能引发令人发痒的红色小肿块。特应性皮炎最常发生在皮肤皱褶处，例如肘部内侧、膝部后侧和颈前部。特应性皮炎（湿疹）是一种会令皮肤发红发痒的病症。它常见于儿童，不过任何年龄的人都可能发病。特应性皮炎长期持续（慢性）并且每隔一段时间往往就会发作。它可能伴有哮喘或花粉症。目前尚无治愈方法特应性皮炎。不过治疗和自我护理措施可以缓解瘙痒，防止新的症状爆发。例如，避免使用刺激性的肥皂，经常保湿皮肤以及涂抹药物乳膏或药膏，都会有所帮助。

产品与服务

书籍：《妙佑医疗国际健康育儿指南》书籍：《妙佑医疗国际家庭疗法》妙佑医疗国际商店的皮肤护理产品显示妙佑医疗国际的更多产品

症状

胸部特应性皮炎打开弹出式对话框关闭

胸部特应性皮炎

特应性皮炎引起的发炎可能覆盖身体大片面积（如胸部），也可能只局限于几个小片部位。婴儿湿疹打开弹出式对话框关闭

婴儿湿疹

对婴儿而言，特应性皮炎（婴儿湿疹）通常表现为极度皮肤干燥导致的红色发痒斑块。特应性皮炎（湿疹）的体征和症状明显因人而异，包括：皮肤干燥瘙痒，可能较为严重，尤其是在晚间红色至棕灰色斑块，多发于手、脚、脚踝、手腕、颈部、上胸部、眼睑、肘窝和腘窝，以及婴儿面部及头皮隆起的小包，抓挠时可能渗液并结痂皮肤变厚、开裂、呈鳞状抓挠后皮肤擦伤、敏感、肿胀特应性皮炎最常始于 5 岁前，可能持续至青春期和成年。部分特应性皮炎患者可能会定期发作，然后恢复一段时间，甚至是几年。

何时就诊

如果您或您的孩子出现以下情况，请就医：感到极度不适，这种疾病正在影响睡眠和日常活动伴有皮肤感染——确定有无红色条纹、脓液、黄痂在尝试居家疗法后症状仍未消失如果您的孩子的皮疹看似已感染并且伴有发热，请立即就医。申请 Mayo Clinic 预约

病因

Mayo Clinic Minute Eczema occurs in people of all ages

请参见副本供视频使用 Mayo Clinic Minute Eczema occurs in people of all ages Jason T. Howland: Atopic dermatitis is a sensitivity disease of the skin, similar to asthma in the lungs, hay fever in the sinuses and food allergies in the gut. Dawn Marie R. Davis, M.D.: It's a multisystem disorder. Inflammation affects the skin, and the skin is more sensitive than usual. Howland: It's a chronic condition and tends to flare periodically. The symptoms vary. Dr. Davis: Atopic dermatitis tends to be red, weepy, crusty, itchy, flaky patches, like oval or circular-shaped areas on the skin. Our skin is like a brick wall. And over time as we age, or genetically if we are predisposed to sensitive skin, it can look like a wicker basket more than a brick wall. Howland: Adult eczema often occurs in patches on areas of the body prone to friction or sweat. Dr. Davis: Where your waistband would sit, where your socks or shoes would rub. If you have a watch, where you would wear your watch. If you have a headband or certain things that you wear along your neck, like a necklace or a tie. It's important to bathe regularly. It's important to hydrate the skin with a moisturizer that is hypoallergenic. It's important to monitor for infection. Howland: If those self-care steps don't help, your dermatologist may prescribe topical or oral medications, or other therapies. For Mayo Clinic News Network, I'm Jason Howland. 健康的皮肤有助于锁住水分，并保护人体免受细菌、刺激物和过敏原的伤害。湿疹与影响这种皮肤防护力的基因变异有关。这会使您的皮肤受到环境因素、刺激物和过敏原的影响。有些患儿的病因可能与食物过敏有关。

风险因素

导致特应性皮炎的主要风险因素是有湿疹、过敏、花粉症或哮喘的个人或家族病史。

并发症

特应性皮炎（湿疹）的并发症可能包括：哮喘和花粉症。湿疹有时会先于这些病症发生。半数以上患有特应性皮炎的幼儿会在 13 岁前患哮喘和花粉症。慢性瘙痒性鳞状皮肤。神经性皮炎（慢性单纯性苔藓）这种皮肤病始于一小块瘙痒的皮肤。抓挠该区域会使瘙痒加重。最终可能养成抓挠的习惯。这种状况会使受影响的皮肤变色、变厚和变粗糙。皮肤感染。反复抓挠会使皮肤破裂，从而导致开放性溃疡和裂口。这会增加细菌和病毒感染的风险，包括单纯疱疹病毒。刺激性手部皮炎。工作需要经常弄湿手且接触强刺激性肥皂、洗涤剂和消毒剂的人更易患这种病。变应性接触性皮炎。此病症常见于特应性皮炎患者。睡眠问题。搔痒周期会使睡眠质量下降。

预防

以下建议可能有助于预防皮炎发作，并尽量减轻沐浴后的干燥：每天至少润肤两次。确保密封乳霜、软膏和乳液以锁住水分。选择一款或多款适合您的产品。在宝宝的皮肤上涂抹凡士林软膏可能有助于预防特应性皮炎。尝试识别并避免会导致病情恶化的触发因素。会加重皮肤反应的因素包括汗液、压力、肥胖症、肥皂、清洁剂、灰尘和花粉。减少接触触发因素的频率。婴儿和儿童食用某些食物也可能会导致皮炎发作，这些食物包括蛋类、奶类、大豆和小麦。向您孩子的医生咨询如何识别潜在的食物过敏。缩短洗澡或淋浴时间。将洗澡和淋浴时间控制在 10-15 分钟内。洗澡和淋浴时用温水而不是热水。用漂白剂洗澡。美国皮肤科学会建议，使用稀释漂白剂洗澡有助于预防皮炎发作。使用稀释后的漂白剂洗澡可以减少皮肤细菌和相关感染。取 1/2 杯（约 118 毫升）家用漂白剂（非浓缩漂白剂）倒入装有 40 加仑（约 151 升）温水的浴缸中。这些计量适用于美国标准尺寸浴缸，温水填充至溢流排水孔处。将颈部以下或皮肤受累区域浸泡在水中约 10 分钟。不要将头浸入水中。用漂白剂洗澡时，每周不要超过两次。仅使用温和的肥皂。选择温和的肥皂。除臭皂和抗菌皂能够清除更多的天然油脂，导致皮肤变干。将身体仔细擦干。浴后用软毛巾轻轻拍干皮肤，然后趁皮肤尚未变干之前涂抹润肤霜。

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CloseWeibo 显示参考文献 AskMayoExpert. Atopic dermatitis (adult and pediatric). Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2016. Eichenfeld LF, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis. Section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2014;70:338. Archer CB. Atopic dermatitis. Medicine. In press.Accessed May 10, 2017. Eichenfield LF, et al. Current guidelines for the evaluation and management of atopic dermatitis: A comparison of the Joint Task Force Practice Parameter and American Academy of Dermatology guidelines. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2017;139:S49. Habif TP. Atopic dermatitis. In: Clinical Dermatology: A Color Atlas Guide to Diagnosis and Therapy. 6th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Saunders; 2016. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 9, 2017. Wolff K, et al. Atopic dermatitis ICD-10: L20. In: Fitzpatrick's Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology. 8th ed. New York, N.Y.: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2017. Ibler KS, et al. Hand eczema: Prevalence and risk factors of hand eczema in a population of 2,274 health care workers. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67:200. Bleach baths. National Eczema Association. https://nationaleczema.org/alternative-therapies/bleach-baths/. Accessed May 10, 2017. Atopic dermatitis. Eczema. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/databases/medical-conditions/a/atopic-dermatitis.aspx. Accessed May 10, 2017. Weston WL, et al. Patient information: Atopic dermatitis (eczema) (Beyond the Basics). https://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed May 10, 2017. Wolter S, et al. Atopic dermatitis. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2014;61:241. Zhang A, et al. Association of atopic dermatitis with being overweight and obese: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2015;72:606. Gibson LE (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. May 30, 2017.