卒中 - 诊断与治疗 - 妙佑医疗国际
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Strokes FAQ
Neurologist Robert Brown, M.D., answers the most frequently asked questions about strokes. 请参见副本 供视频使用 Strokes FAQ Hi, I'm Dr. Robert Brown, a neurologist at Mayo Clinic. And I'm here to answer some of the important question you may have about strokes. The fast acronym, F.A.S.T., is a good way of remembering stroke symptoms and what to do if you or a friend or loved one experiences those symptoms. F for facial weakness, A for arm weakness, S for speech slurring, and T for time. Time to call 911 should those symptoms occur. Sometimes stroke symptoms may be temporary, lasting only several minutes or hours, and this is called a transient ischemic attack. The symptoms should not be ignored even if they are temporary. The risk of stroke is markedly increased in the days and weeks after those symptoms occur, so seek emergency evaluation to clarify why the symptoms occurred and how best to prevent a future stroke. An aneurysm is a small saccular-shaped or berry-shaped out-pouching off of an artery in the brain. About two to three percent of the population has a brain aneurysm, and most never cause any symptoms. But on occasion, that aneurysm can rupture, leading to bleeding into and surrounding the brain, a bleeding type of stroke called a subarachnoid hemorrhage. People with that type of hemorrhage typically present with a sudden onset of a very severe headache, unlike anything they've ever experienced before, and they should seek emergency medical care. The brain cells are affected very quickly after a stroke occurs. In the most common type of stroke, called an ischemic stroke, or cerebral infarction, there's a lack of blood flow to an area of the brain leading the brain cells to begin to die off due to a lack of oxygen and other nutrients. Emergency treatments can sometimes be used to restore the blood flow. Stroke treatments are most effective if they can be used early after stroke symptoms occur. Most strokes are preventable. And stroke prevention is far more effective than trying to treat a stroke after it has occurred. There are both non-modifiable risk factors, those things we cannot change, and modifiable risk factors, those things that can be changed. Non-modifiable risk factors include age, race, gender, and family history of stroke. Modifiable risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, lack of regular exercise, obesity, heavy alcohol use, recreational drug use, and some types of heart disease. Every stroke is a little bit different because any area of the brain can be affected by a stroke. Some strokes lead to only mild symptoms, and others are more severe and have a major impact on speech, strength, swallowing, walking, and vision. The patient with a stroke will typically start therapies very early after a stroke, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy. A person can continue to recover from a stroke for many months after a stroke up to a year or even longer. This recovery is a very gradual process. But don't give up. Celebrate the gains from week to week and month to month. If you have any stroke risk factors, partner with your medical team to control them. If stroke symptoms occur, seek emergency care. Work with your medical team to arrange for the appropriate evaluation to clarify why the stroke happened, and institute strategies to prevent another stroke from occurring in the future. Take your medications as advised. Your medical team will also institute therapies to help you with any deficit that you might have related to your stroke so that you can live your life to the fullest after a stroke occurs. Thank you for your time and we wish you well. 您被送往医院后,急救团队会尽快确定卒中的类型。到达医院后,医生会立即对您进行 CT 扫描或其他影像学检查。医生还需要排除其他可能导致您症状的原因,如脑肿瘤或药物反应。 卒中会诊 妙佑医疗国际卒中会诊 检查
因卒中而受损的脑组织 CT 扫描 打开弹出式对话框 关闭 因卒中而受损的脑组织 CT 扫描
因卒中而受损的脑组织 CT 扫描
CT 扫描显示因卒中而受损的脑组织 脑血管造影 打开弹出式对话框 关闭 脑血管造影
脑血管造影
脑血管造影所示为与卒中相关的颈动脉瘤 您可能需要进行的一些检查,包括: 体格检查。医生会做一些您熟悉的检查,例如听心脏和检查血压。您还将接受神经系统检查,以观察潜在卒中对神经系统的影响。 血液检测。您可能会接受多次血液检查,包括检查血液凝固速度、血糖是否过高或过低以及是否发生感染。 计算机断层成像(CT)。CT 扫描借助一系列 X 线创建大脑的详细影像。CT 扫描可以显示脑出血、缺血性卒中、肿瘤或其他疾病。医生可能会将染料注射到您的血流中,以便更详细地查看颈部和脑部的血管(计算机断层成像扫描血管造影术)。 磁共振成像(MRI)。MRI 使用强无线电波和磁场来创建您脑部的详细视图。MRI 可用来检测缺血性脑卒中和脑出血导致的脑组织损伤。医生可能会将染料注入您的血管,以查看动脉和静脉,并突出显示血流(磁共振血管造影术或磁共振静脉造影术)。 颈动脉超声检查。这项检查利用声波生成颈部颈动脉内部的详细图像。这项检查能够显示颈动脉中的脂肪沉积(斑块)和血流情况。 脑血管造影。在这项非常规检查中,医生会通过一个小切口(通常位于腹股沟处)插入一根细软导管,并穿过大动脉进入颈动脉或椎动脉。随后医生将染液注射至血管内,使其在 X 线成像下可见。通过 X 线可详细观察脑动脉及颈部动脉。 超声心动图。超声心动图使用声波生成心脏的详细图像。可借助超声心动图寻找心脏血凝块的来源,这些血凝块可能从心脏进入大脑并导致卒中。 Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your 卒中-related health concerns 更多信息
在 Mayo Clinic 治疗CT 扫描磁共振成像超声心动图颈动脉超声显示更多相关信息 治疗
卒中需要接受哪种急救护理取决于您是缺血性脑卒中还是涉及脑部出血的(出血性)卒中。 缺血性脑卒中
为治疗缺血性脑卒中,医生必须迅速恢复流向大脑的血流。具体措施可能包括: 紧急 IV 给药。如果采用静脉给药,必须在症状首次出现后的 4.5 小时内使用可破坏血栓的药物进行治疗。这类药物越早使用越好。快速治疗不仅可以提高患者的生存机会,还可以减少并发症。 重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(TPA)也称为阿替普酶(Activase)或替奈普酶(TNKase),IV 注射这种药物是缺血性脑卒中的黄金标准疗法。常用的治疗方案是,在出现症状后的三小时内经手臂静脉注射 TPA。某些情况下,可在卒中症状出现后的 4.5 小时内注射 TPA。 该药物通过溶解引起卒中的血栓来恢复血液流动。通过快速消除引起卒中的源头,该药物可以帮助患者更充分地从卒中状态康复。您的医生将考虑特定的风险(例如潜在的大脑出血),以确定 TPA 是否适合您。 紧急血管内手术。医生有时会直接在阻塞的血管内治疗缺血性脑卒中。血管内疗法已表明可显著改善结果,并减少缺血性脑卒中后的长期残障。必须尽快执行以下手术: 将药物直接输送到大脑。医生将一根细长的管子(导管)经由腹股沟动脉插入并送至大脑,向发生卒中的部位直接输送 TPA。这种治疗的时间窗相比注射 TPA 更长一些,但仍存在局限性。 使用支架取栓器去除血栓。医生可以使用一种连接到导管的装置,直接去除大脑内被阻塞血管中的血栓。该程序对使用 TPA 无法完全溶解较大血栓的患者尤其有益。该程序通常与 TPA 注射疗法结合使用。 得益于更先进的影像学技术,可考虑进行这些手术的时间窗被认为已经扩大。医生可能安排进行灌注成像检查(用 CT 或 MRI 完成),帮助确定患者从血管内疗法受益的可能性。 其他医疗程序
为了降低发生其他卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作的风险,医生可能会建议手术切开因斑块而变窄的动脉。手术选项因具体情况而异,包括: 颈动脉内膜切除术。颈动脉是沿颈部两侧延伸的血管,为大脑(颈动脉)供应血液。该手术可去除阻塞颈动脉的斑块,并可降低患缺血性脑卒中的风险。颈动脉内膜切除术也有风险,尤其是对伴有心脏病或其他疾病的患者。 血管成形术和支架置入术。在血管成形术中,外科医生通过腹股沟动脉将一根导管穿入颈动脉。然后给球囊充气,扩张变窄的动脉。之后可以插入支架以支撑开放的动脉。 出血性卒中
出血性卒中的紧急治疗方案主要是控制出血并减少因过多液体造成的脑内压力。治疗方案包括: 紧急措施。如果您服用血液稀释药物来预防血凝块,您可能还需要服用药物或输血以抵消血液稀释剂的影响。医生可能还会给您开一些药物来降低脑内压力(颅内压),降低血压,预防血管痉挛以及预防癫痫发作。 手术。如果出血面积较大,医生可能会手术清除血液,从而缓解颅内压力。还可能会手术修复与出血性卒中相关的血管问题。发生卒中后或者如果动脉瘤、动静脉畸形 (AVM) 或其他类型的血管问题导致出血性卒中,医生可能会建议您接受下列手术之一。 手术夹闭。外科医生在动脉瘤底部放置一个微小的夹子,以阻止血液流向动脉瘤。该夹具可以防止动脉瘤破裂,或者防止近期发生出血的动脉瘤再次出血。 弹簧圈栓塞(血管内栓塞术)。外科医生将导管插入腹股沟动脉并引导至大脑,然后将微小的可拆卸线圈放入动脉瘤,以填塞动脉瘤。该手术可阻止血液流入动脉瘤并导致血液凝结。 AVM 切除术。如果 AVM 位于脑的可触及区域且体积较小,外科医生可通过手术切除 AVM。手术可消除血管破裂的风险,并降低出血性卒中的风险。但如果 AVM 位于脑的较深部位、体积较大或切除后会对脑功能造成太大影响,可能就无法通过手术切除 AVM。 立体定向放射外科治疗。立体定向放射外科治疗是一种先进的微创疗法,该疗法使用高度聚焦的多射束来修复血管畸形。 卒中恢复与康复
大脑半球连接 打开弹出式对话框 关闭 大脑半球连接
大脑半球连接
紧急治疗后,将对您进行至少一天的密切监测。之后,卒中护理的重点是尽可能帮助您恢复各项功能,以能够恢复独立生活。卒中的影响取决于所累及的脑区域和受损组织的数量。 如果卒中影响了右脑,则可能会影响身体左侧的运动与感觉功能。如果卒中损害了左脑的脑组织,则可能会影响身体右侧的运动与感觉功能。左脑的脑损伤可能会导致言语和语言障碍。 大多数卒中幸存者都要参加康复治疗项目。医生将基于患者的年龄、整体健康状况和卒中致残程度,为患者推荐最严谨的治疗方案。医生将考虑您的生活方式、兴趣和优先事项,以及是否有家庭成员或其他照料者看护。 出院前可能会开始康复治疗。出院后,您可能在同一家医院的康复部门、其他康复部门或专业护理机构作为门诊病人继续您的康复项目,也可能在家中继续康复治疗。 每个人发生卒中后的恢复情况都不相同。根据您的具体情况,治疗团队可能会包括: 在脑部疾病方面训练有素的医生(神经内科医生) 康复医生(康复医师) 康复护士 营养师 物理治疗师 作业治疗师 娱乐治疗师 言语病理学家 社工或个案管理员 心理学家或精神科医生 牧师 言语治疗通常是卒中康复的一部分。 更多信息
在 Mayo Clinic 治疗卒中复健冠状动脉成形术和支架植入术家庭肠内营养颈动脉内膜切除术 颈动脉血管成形术和支架植入术Strokes FAQ显示更多相关信息 治疗结局
对卒中患者进行治疗评估的一个方法是检查患者及时接受适当有效治疗措施的百分比。目标是 100%。 下列图显示了妙佑医疗国际卒中患者接受所有适当治疗措施的百分比。 卒中核心措施
参见相关图表。 颈动脉内膜切除术死亡率
查看相关图表。 颈动脉支架手术死亡率
查看相关图表。 卒中综合治疗措施
见相关图片。 综合性卒中 - 入院接受皮肤穿刺的中位时间
查看相关图表。 综合性卒中 — 溶栓后血运重建率
请参阅相关图表。 综合性卒中 - 静脉注射组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)治疗的及时性
请参阅相关图表。 有关更多信息和资料,请访问 美国老年和残障健康保险 (Medicare) 医院比较。 For additional information about quality at Mayo Clinic visit Quality Measures. 申请 Mayo Clinic 预约 临床试验
探索 Mayo Clinic 的研究 测试新的治疗、干预与检查方法,旨在预防、检测、治疗或控制这种疾病。 妥善处理与支持
发生卒中是能够改变生活的事件,它会影响您的情绪健康以及各项身体机能。您可能有时会感到无助、沮丧、抑郁和冷漠。您可能还会出现一些情绪变化以及性欲降低。 保持自尊心、与他人联系交往并对世界保持兴趣都是有助您恢复健康的重要部分。以下几种策略可能对您和您的照料者有帮助,包括: 别为难自己。身体和情绪的恢复将是一项艰巨的工作并且需要时间,请接受现实。制定目标适应“新常态”,并庆祝自己的进步。给自己一些休息时间。 加入互助团体。与同样面临卒中挑战的其他患者会面,这会让您走出自我,与他人分享经验、交流信息并建立新的友谊。 告诉朋友与家人您的需求。其他人可能应该提供帮助,但他们可能不知道该做些什么。让他们知道做哪些事能够帮助到您,例如,给您带一顿饭并陪您吃饭、聊天,或与您一起参加社交活动或宗教活动。 沟通问题
言语和语言问题尤其令人沮丧。以下这些建议有助于您和护理人员解决沟通问题: 练习。每天至少交谈一次。这可以帮您了解最适合您的方法。交谈能让您有参与感,并且可以帮您重建信心。 放轻松,慢慢来。在不紧不慢的放松状态下聊天,是最轻松愉快的。一些脑卒中患者发现,晚餐后是很好的聊天时间。 用自己的方式交谈。如果您处于脑卒中恢复期,您可能需要减少用词,依靠手势或语调来交流。 使用道具和沟通辅助工具。使用提示卡可能很有帮助,提示卡上可以列出常用词汇、好友和家人的照片、喜欢的电视节目、卫生间或其他日常需求。 准备您的预约
进展中的卒中通常在医院被诊断出来。发生卒中后,对您立刻采取的护理将专注于最大程度地减少脑部损伤。如果没有发生卒中,但您担心今后的风险,可在下次就诊时与医生讨论您的担忧。 医生可能会做什么
在急诊室,您可能会看到急诊医学专家或在脑部疾病方面训练有素的医生(神经内科医生),以及护士和医疗技术人员。 急救小组的首要任务是稳定您的症状和整体医疗状况。然后,团队将确定您是否发生了卒中。医生会尽力找出卒中的原因,以确定最合适的治疗方法。 如果您在就诊期间寻求医生的建议,医生会评估导致您出现卒中和心脏病的风险因素。您们的讨论将聚焦于避免这些风险因素,如不抽烟或使用违禁药物。您的医生也会讨论生活方式策略或药物以控制高血压、胆固醇和其他导致卒中的风险因素。 来自妙佑医疗国际员工 在 Mayo Clinic 治疗 申请 Mayo Clinic 预约 症状与病因医生与科室 Jan. 20, 2022 打印 显示参考文献 Walls RM, et al., eds. Stroke. In: Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2018. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 31, 2021. Ferri FF. Stroke, acute ischemic. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 31, 2021. What you need to know about stroke. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.stroke.nih.gov/materials/needtoknow.htm. Accessed Aug. 31, 2021. Stroke. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/stroke. Accessed Aug. 31, 2021. AskMayoExpert. Acute stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) (adult). 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