脑肿瘤 - 症状与病因 - 妙佑医疗国际
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What is a brain tumor A Mayo Clinic expert explains
Learn more about brain tumors from neuro-oncologist Alyx Porter, M.D. 请参见副本 供视频使用 What is a brain tumor A Mayo Clinic expert explains I'm Dr. Alyx Porter, a neuro-oncologist at Mayo Clinic. In this video, we'll cover the basics of brain tumors: What is a brain tumor? Who gets it? The symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Whether you're looking for answers for yourself or someone you love, we are here to give you the best information available. First, let's talk about what a brain tumor is. DNA tells our cells what to do. Sometimes this DNA mutates and tells cells to duplicate abnormally, dividing rapidly and living longer than healthy cells are supposed to. These cells collect into a mass, in this case, in various parts of the brain. And since the brain is the control center for the rest of our bodies, this can affect all kinds of other functions. There are many kinds of brain tumors. Some are benign or non-cancerous. In other words, it's an overgrowth of cells that produces a mass. But the cells themselves are normal. Some are malignant or cancerous. This means the mass is composed of abnormal cells that will continue to spread and invade to other tissues. Tumors that originate in the brain or surrounding tissues are known as primary brain tumors. More often, the tumor is known as a secondary or metastatic brain tumor - the result of cancer from elsewhere in the body that is spread to the brain. We often just don't know why primary brain tumors form. Statistically, in adults, age increases your risk of having a primary brain tumor. And they are more common in women than men. Exposure to some kinds of radiation, including prior cancer treatment, can increase your risk. And there are some rare inherited syndromes that seem related to brain tumor development. But they're not really predictable nor preventable. When it comes to secondary tumors, we know that they spread from cancer in other parts of the body. And the cause of that original cancer, depending on where it started, could have resulted from genetic or external factors. It's not common, but sometimes a brain tumor can be the first indication of cancer elsewhere. Usually, the first sign of a brain tumor is a headache, generally in conjunction with other symptoms. These may include: seizures, difficulty thinking or speaking, changes in personality, anxiety, depression, disorientation, fatigue, abnormal eye movements, numbness or tingling on one side of the body, weakness on one side of the body, loss of balance, vision changes, memory loss, nausea, generalized pain, trouble swallowing, trouble walking, drooping on one side of the face, loss of appetite, weight loss, and slurred speech. That doesn't mean if you have a headache or even a headache with these other symptoms that you have a brain tumor. But if you notice a headache that awakens you from sleep, that seems to be at its worst in the early morning hours, along with dimming of your vision, this could be a sign of increased intracranial pressure. And you should make an appointment with your doctor. There are a variety of tests and procedures your doctor may recommend for determining the cause of your symptoms. First, you will most likely be given a neurological examination. This will evaluate your vision, hearing, balance, coordination, strength, sensation, and reflexes. They may recommend imaging tests, such as an MRI or a CAT scan or a PET scan, to get a clearer picture of the brain. If a tumor is detected, a surgical procedure may be done to determine the nature of the mass or its type. Although a brain tumor diagnosis can be overwhelming and scary, know that there are experts in the field who will work with you to figure out the best strategic course for your individual situation. So the most important thing you can do is to find a specialized treatment center that feels like a good fit and get a second opinion or even a third. It's important to feel confident in your care team and their support as you fight this battle together. Treatment depends on a lot of factors: the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as your overall health and personal preferences. You and your care team will collaborate to map a course for the best quality of life ahead. If the tumor is in a place where removal is a viable option, surgery may be recommended to take out as much of the mass as possible. Even if the entire thing can't be removed safely, eliminating a portion can help alleviate symptoms. Another possibility is radiation. There are a few different forms of delivery, but all use high-energy radiation to target and destroy cancerous cells. There's chemotherapy, in which powerful drugs that combat cancer cells are taken either orally or through an IV. For certain kinds of cancer, targeted drug therapy may also be an option. These blocks specific abnormalities within the cancer cells, causing them to die. You may qualify for clinical trials, as well, for experimental measures that are showing promise. Your doctors can help guide you and recommend to you if this seems like the best plan of action. All of these treatments have side effects - some quite severe. These can include issues with memory and thinking, motor skills, vision, and speech, as well as other physical or emotional symptoms. Your doctors can recommend a course of supportive and palliative care to help you get through the treatment itself. In addition, physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and, in children, tutoring may be necessary. When preparing for appointments, make sure you are aware of any pre-appointment restrictions, such as diet. Write down your symptoms - even things that may seem unrelated. Write down any recent life changes or major stressors. Make a list of your medications and any other supplements. Write down the questions you have and bring a friend or relative along with you to help you remember what your doctors say. While each person's prognosis and treatment can differ greatly, huge strides have been made in the field overall. And our understanding continues to grow, giving your expert medical team an ever-expanding set of tools to help you navigate this difficult journey as you maintain a manageable and positive quality of life. If you'd like to learn even more about brain tumors, watch our other related videos, or visit mayoclinic.org. We wish you well. 脑肿瘤 打开弹出式对话框 关闭 脑肿瘤
脑肿瘤
脑肿瘤可能在脑细胞中形成（如图所示），也可能源于其他部位并扩散到脑部。随着肿瘤的生长，它会对周围脑组织造成压迫并致使其功能发生变化，从而导致头痛、恶心和平衡问题等体征和症状。 脑肿瘤是指脑部肿块或异常细胞生长。 脑肿瘤分为多种不同类型。有些脑肿瘤属于非癌性（良性），有些属于癌性（恶性）。脑肿瘤可能始发于脑（原发性脑肿瘤），也可能始发于身体的其他部位并以继发性（转移性）脑肿瘤的形式扩散至脑部。 脑肿瘤的生长速度具有很大差异。生长速度以及脑肿瘤的位置决定了其对神经系统功能的影响。 脑瘤的治疗方案取决于您所患的脑肿瘤类型，以及脑肿瘤的大小和位置。 产品与服务
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儿童脑肿瘤 听神经瘤 垂体瘤 室管膜瘤 少突神经胶质瘤 星形细胞瘤 松果体母细胞瘤 胚胎性肿瘤 胶质母细胞瘤 胶质瘤 脉络丛癌 脑膜瘤 脑转移瘤 颅咽管瘤 髓母细胞瘤 症状
脑肿瘤的体征和症状差别很大，视乎脑肿瘤的大小、位置和生长速度而定。 脑肿瘤导致的一般体征和症状可能包括： 新发头痛或头痛模式发生改变 头痛逐渐变得更频繁、更严重 不明原因的恶心或呕吐 视力问题，如视力模糊、复视或周边视力丧失 一条胳膊或腿逐渐丧失知觉或活动能力 平衡困难 说话困难 感觉非常疲惫 日常生活中意识混乱 难以做出决定 无法遵循简单的命令 性格或行为发生改变 癫痫发作，尤其是没有癫痫发作病史的人 听力问题 何时就诊
如果您对持续出现的体征和症状感到担忧，请联系医生约诊。 申请 Mayo Clinic 预约 病因
起源于大脑的脑肿瘤
听神经瘤（神经鞘瘤） 打开弹出式对话框 关闭 听神经瘤（神经鞘瘤）
听神经瘤（神经鞘瘤）
听神经瘤（神经鞘瘤）是一种良性肿瘤，形成于从内耳到大脑的平衡和听觉神经上。这些神经缠绕在一起，形成前庭蜗神经（第八脑神经）。肿瘤对该神经的压迫可导致听力减退和失去平衡。 髓母细胞瘤 打开弹出式对话框 关闭 髓母细胞瘤
髓母细胞瘤
髓母细胞瘤是一种脑癌，始于脑部称为小脑的部位。髓母细胞瘤是儿童最常见的癌性脑肿瘤类型。 原发性脑肿瘤起源于大脑本身或者大脑附近的组织，例如大脑覆膜（脑膜）、脑神经、垂体腺或松果腺。 当正常细胞的 DNA 发生变化（突变）时，会出现原发性脑肿瘤。细胞的 DNA 包含细胞行动指令。细胞 DNA 突变导致细胞迅速增殖和分裂，并在健康细胞本应死亡的情况下继续存活。这样会产生大量异常细胞，从而形成肿瘤。 对于成年人，原发性脑肿瘤比继发性脑肿瘤罕见得多，继发性脑肿瘤是由始于其他位置的癌细胞扩散到大脑所致。 原发性脑肿瘤分为很多不同的类型。每种类型均根据所涉及的细胞类型命名。例如： 胶质瘤。这些肿瘤起源于大脑或脊髓，包括星形细胞瘤、室管膜瘤、胶质母细胞瘤、少突星形细胞瘤和少突神经胶质瘤。 脑膜瘤。脑膜瘤是一种由大脑和脊髓周围的覆膜（脑脊膜）引起的肿瘤。大多数脑膜瘤都是非癌性肿瘤。 听神经瘤（神经鞘瘤）。这些肿瘤是良性肿瘤，出现在负责控制平衡以及将声音从内耳传至大脑的神经上。 垂体腺瘤。垂体腺瘤是生长于脑基底部的垂体腺中的肿瘤。这些肿瘤可能影响垂体激素，进而影响全身。 髓母细胞瘤。尽管可能发生在任何年龄段，但这种癌性脑肿瘤最常见于儿童。髓母细胞瘤始于大脑的后下部，往往通过脊髓液扩散。 生殖细胞瘤。生殖细胞瘤可能会于儿童时期出现在睾丸或卵巢发育处。但有时生殖细胞瘤也会影响身体的其他部位，例如大脑。 颅咽管瘤。这些罕见的肿瘤始于大脑的垂体腺附近，而垂体腺会分泌控制许多身体机能的激素。随着颅咽管瘤的缓慢生长，可能影响垂体腺和大脑附近的其他结构。 始于其他部位并扩散到脑的癌症
继发性（转移性）脑肿瘤是指由始于身体其他部位，后期扩散（转移）到脑的癌症引起的肿瘤。 继发性脑肿瘤最常见于有癌症史的患者。在极少数情况下，转移性脑肿瘤是始于身体其他部位的癌症的首发症状。 对于成年人，继发性脑肿瘤比原发性脑肿瘤更为常见。 任何癌症都可扩散至脑，但常见的类型包括： 乳腺癌 结肠癌 肾癌 肺癌 黑色素瘤 风险因素
在大多数原发性脑肿瘤患者中，形成肿瘤的原因尚不清楚。但医生们已经确定了一些可能会增加脑肿瘤风险的因素。 风险因素包括： 辐射照射。接触电离辐射会增加患脑部肿瘤的风险。电离辐射的例子包括用于治疗癌症的放射疗法和原子弹导致的辐射照射。 脑部肿瘤家族病史。一小部分脑肿瘤发生在有脑肿瘤家族病史或遗传综合征家族病史的人中，这种遗产综合征通常会增加患脑肿瘤的风险。 来自妙佑医疗国际员工 在 Mayo Clinic 治疗 申请 Mayo Clinic 预约 诊断与治疗 Aug. 06, 2021 打印 Share on: FacebookTwitterWeChat WeChat
CloseWeibo 显示参考文献 Niederhuber JE, et al., eds. Cancer of the central nervous system. In: Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed March 25, 2021. Central nervous system cancers. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx. Accessed March 25, 2021. Wong ET, et al. Overview of the clinical features and diagnosis of brain tumors in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 30, 2021. Adult central nervous system tumors treatment (PDQ) - Patient version. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/adult-brain-treatment-pdq. Accessed March 25, 2021. Distress management. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx. Accessed March 25, 2021. Warner KJ. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. Jan. 7, 2021. Member institutions. Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology. https://www.allianceforclinicaltrialsinoncology.org/main/public/standard.xhtml?path=/Public/Institutions. Accessed March 30, 2021. Muthupillai R, et al. Magnetic resonance elastography. Nature Medicine. 1996; doi:10.1038/nm0596-601. Murphy MC, et al. MR elastography of the brain and its application in neurological diseases. NeuroImage. 2019; doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.008. Creagan ET (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. April 1, 2021. 相关
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