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Everything You Need to Know About Computer Hardware

This is what your computer's made of

By Tim Fisher Tim Fisher Senior Vice President & Group General Manager, Tech & Sustainability Emporia State University Tim Fisher has more than 30 years' of professional technology experience. He's been writing about tech for more than two decades and serves as the VP and General Manager of Lifewire. lifewire's editorial guidelines Updated on November 5, 2021 Reviewed by Ryan Perian Reviewed by Ryan Perian Western Governors University Ryan Perian is a certified IT specialist who holds numerous IT certifications and has 12+ years' experience working in the IT industry support and management positions. lifewire's editorial guidelines Tweet Share Email Tweet Share Email Accessories & Hardware HDD & SSD The Quick Guide to Webcams Keyboards & Mice Monitors Cards Printers & Scanners Raspberry Pi Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. There are many different kinds of hardware that can be installed inside, and connected to the outside, of a computer. Computer hardware may sometimes be seen abbreviated as computer hw. Lifewire / Chloe Giroux Take a tour inside of your desktop PC to learn how all the hardware in a traditional desktop PC connects together to create a complete computer system like the one you may be using right now.

List of Computer Hardware

Here are some common individual computer hardware components that you'll often find inside a modern computer. These parts are almost always found inside the computer case, so you won't see them unless you open the computer: Motherboard Central Processing Unit (CPU) Random Access Memory (RAM) Power Supply Unit (PSU) Video card Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Solid-State Drive (SSD) Optical disk drive (e.g., BD/DVD/CD drive) Card reader (SD/SDHC, CF, etc.) Common hardware that you might find connected to the outside of a computer, although many tablets, laptops, and netbooks integrate some of these items into their housings: Monitor Keyboard Mouse Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Flash drive Printer Speakers External hard drive Pen tablet Less common individual computer hardware devices, either because these pieces are now usually integrated into other devices or because they've been replaced with newer technology: Sound card Network Interface Card (NIC) Expansion card (FireWire, USB, etc.) Hard drive controller card Analog modem Scanner Projector Floppy disk drive Joystick Webcam Microphone Tape drive Zip drive The following hardware is referred to as ​network hardware, and various pieces are often part of a home or business network: Digital modem (e.g., cable modem, DSL modem, etc.) Router Network switch Access point Repeater Bridge Print server Firewall Network hardware isn't as clearly defined as some other types of computer hardware. For example, many home routers will often act as a combination router, switch, and firewall. In addition to all the items listed above, there's more computer hardware called auxiliary hardware, of which a computer might have none, or several, of some kinds: Fan (CPU, GPU, Case, etc.) Heat sink Data cable Power cable CMOS battery Daughterboard Some of the devices listed above are called peripheral devices. A peripheral device is a piece of hardware (whether internal or external) that isn't actually involved in the computer's main function. Examples include a monitor, video card, disc drive, and mouse.

Troubleshooting Faulty Computer Hardware

Computer hardware components individually heat up and cool down as they're used and then not used, meaning that eventually, every single one will fail. Some may even fail at the same time. Fortunately, at least with desktop computers and some laptop and tablet computers, you can replace the non-working piece of hardware without having to replace or rebuild the computer from scratch. Here are some resources you should check out before you go out and purchase a new hard drive, replacement RAM sticks, or anything else you think may be going bad:

Memory RAM

Find free memory test programs. Learn how to replace the memory (RAM) in your computer.

Hard Drive

Explore free hard drive testing programs. Find the best commercial hard drive repair software. Learn how to replace a hard drive. Learn what to do when your hard drive is making noise.

Computer Fan

Learn how to fix a loud computer fan. Find out how to fix the CPU fan error.

Device Manager

In Microsoft Windows, hardware resources are managed by Device Manager. It's possible that a "faulty" piece of computer hardware is really just in need of a device driver installation or update, or for the device to be enabled in Device Manager. Hardware devices won't work at all if the device is disabled, or may not be running properly if the wrong driver is installed. Here are some device manager troubleshooting resources: Learn how to view a device's status in Windows. Learn to enable a device in Device Manager in Windows. Learn how to update drivers in windows. Learn several ways to find free driver downloads. Check out the best free driver updater tools. If you decide that some hardware needs replacing or upgrading, find tech support information from the manufacturer, including warranty information (if it applies to you), or look for identical or upgraded parts that you can buy directly.

Hardware vs Software

A computer system isn't complete unless there's also software, which is different than hardware. The software is data that's stored electronically, like an operating system or a video editing tool, which runs on the hardware. Hardware gets its name due to the fact that it's strict when it comes to modifications, whereas software is more flexible (i.e., you can easily upgrade or change software). Firmware is closely related to hardware and software, too. Firmware is used to tie the two together so that a software program knows how to interface with a piece of hardware.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the four main types of computer hardware? The four primary categories of computer hardware include input devices, output devices, processing devices, and storage devices. How do you clean your computer hardware? Learn how to clean your PC to help extend its life and make it run more efficiently. Always unplug computers prior to cleaning, and only use recommended materials such as lint-free cloths, canned air, and carefully applied isopropyl alcohol. Was this page helpful? Thanks for letting us know! Get the Latest Tech News Delivered Every Day Subscribe Tell us why! Other Not enough details Hard to understand Submit More from Lifewire What Are the Types of System Resources in a Computer? How to Fix Error Code 29 What Is SCSI? (Small Computer System Interface) What Is a Hard Disk Drive? What Is a Jumper? CMOS: What It Is and What It's For How to Fix a Computer That Turns on but Displays Nothing How to Fix Error Code 22: This Device Is Disabled 11 Best Free System Information Tools (October 2022) Device Manager (What It Is and How to Use It) Simple Ways to Maintain Your Computer Reseat Definition (What Does Reseat Mean?) How to Fix Msxml3.dll Not Found or Missing Errors 4 Best Free Memory Test Programs (October 2022) How to Fix Problems that Occur During the POST How to Fix Kernel32.dll Errors in Windows Newsletter Sign Up Newsletter Sign Up Newsletter Sign Up Newsletter Sign Up Newsletter Sign Up By clicking “Accept All Cookies”, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Cookies Settings Accept All Cookies